Treating a self disorder developmentally and phenomenologically

Our purpose is to show how we draw from psychoanalytic knowledge to enhance a phenomenological treatment approach. The approach is illustrated through a case study of a client with borderline features. We attempt to demonstrate ways of focusing therapy on the self interactions that are implicit in object relations. We also demonstrate a phenomenological use of transference which involves redirecting it to the client's self-interactive dynamics.     

Book reviews and notes

GENERAL

ISLAM AND HUMAN RIGHTS: TRADITION AND POLITICS. By Ann Elizabeth Mayer. Boulder and San Francisco: Westview Press/London: Pinter Publishers, 1991. xix + 258pp. Hb. £35.00. ISBN 0–8133–8091‐X [U.S.] ISBN 0–86187–091–3 [U.K.].

TOWARD AN ISLAMIC REFORMATION: CIVIL LIBERTIES, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW. By Abdullahi Amhed AN‐NA'IM. Foreword by John Voll. New York: Syracuse Press, 1990. xvi + 253pp. Hb. $29.95. ISBN 0–81656–2484–8.

WAS JEDER VOM ISLAM WISSEN MUSS. Edited by Lutherischen Kirchenamt Der Vereinigten Evangelischen‐Lutherischen Kirche Deutschlands and Kirchenamt der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland. Gutersloh: Gerd Mohn, 1990. 224pp. Pb. np. ISBN 3–579–00786–6.

WER WAR MUHAMMAD? LEBENSGESCHICHTE UND PRO‐PHETISCHER ANSPRUCH. By Adel Theodor Khoury. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1990. 125pp. Pb. DM10.90. ISBN 3–451–08719–7.

DER ISLAM: SEIN GLAUBE — SEINE LEBENSORDNUNG — SEIN ANSPRUCH. By Adel Theodor Khoury. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1988. 238pp. Pb. DM12.90. ISBN 3–451–08602–6.

MOHAMMED UND DER KORAN. By Rudi Paret. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1991. 181pp. Pb. DM20.00. ISBN 3–17–011317–8.

DER ISLAM: RELIGION‐ETHIK‐POLITIK. By Peter Antes et al. Stuttgart, Berlin, Koln: Kohlhammer, 1991.151pp. Pb. DM29.80. ISBN 3–17–011737–8.

INTRODUCING ISLAM FROM WITHIN. By Mona Abul‐Fadl. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1991. 135pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 0–86037–209‐X.

MUSLIMS: THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES: VOLUME 1: THE FORMATIVE PERIOD. By Andrew Rippin. London:. Routledge, 1990. 155pp. Pb. £9.99. ISBN 0–415–04519–3.

MACHT UND EINSAMKEIT GOTTES: DIALOG MIT DEM ISLAMISCHEN RADKAL‐MONOTHEISMUS. By Thomas Mooren. Religionswissenschaftliche Studien, hrsg. von A. Th. Khoury und L. Hagemann; 17. Wurzburg: Echter/Altenberge: Oros, 1991. 408pp. Pb. DM59.80. ISBN 3–429–01411–5 (Echter); ISBN 3–89375–040–1 (Oros).

DER KORAN: ARABISCH‐DEUTSCH: UBERSETZUNG UND WISSENSCHAFTLICHER KOMENTAR. By Adel Theodor Khoury. Band 1: Muhammad. Der Koran Sure 1,1–2,74. Giitersloh: Giitersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, 1990. 367pp. Hb. DM250.00 for subscribers to the whole work: DM195.00 per volume. ISBN 3–579–00336–4. Band 2: Sure 2,75–2,212. Gutersloh: Gutersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, 1991.384pp. Hb. DM250.00. ISBN 3–579–00337–2.

THE ISMAILIS: THEIR HISTORY AND DOCTRINES. By Farhad Daftary. Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press, 1990. 804pp. Hb. £60.00; $79.50. ISBN 0–521–37019–1.

BELIEF AND LAW IN IMAMI SfflTSM. By Etan Kohlberg. Alder‐shot: Variorum, 1991. x + 352pp. Hb. n.p. ISBN 0–86078–292–1.

NAQSHBANDIS: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND PRESENT SITUATION OF A MUSLIM MYSTICAL ORDER: PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVRES ROUND TABLE 2–4 MAY 1985. Edited by Marc Gaborieau, Alexandre Popovic and Thierry Zarcone. Varia TurcicaXVII. Istanbul‐Paris: Editions ISIS, 1990.750pp. HB. n.p. ISBN 2–906053–12–0.

LE LIVRE REUNISSANT LES DEUX SAGESSES. (Kitab‐e Jami al‐Hikmatayri). By Nasir‐e. Khosraw. Translation from the Persian, introduction and notes by Isabelle de Gastines. Paris: Fayard, 1990.345pp. Pb. FF130.00. ISBN 9–782213–026138.

ISLAM AND LIBERATION THEOLOGY. By Asghar Ali Engineer. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1990. 238pp. Hb. RS200.00. ISBN 81–207–1046–0.

ISLAMIC HISTORY: A FRAMEWORK FOR INQUIRY. By R. Stephen Humphreys. London: I.B. Tauris, 1991. Revised edition. 401pp. Pb. £9.95. ISBN 1–85043–360–7.

THE ELEMENTS OF SUFISM. By Shaykh Fadhlalla Haeri. Shaftesbury: Element Books Ltd., 1990. 118pp. Pb. £4.99; $7.95. ISBN 1–8523O‐O68‐X.

MELANGES — Volume 20. Edited by Institute Dominicain d'Etudes Orientales du Caire: Louvain‐Paris, Editions Peeters, 1991. 597pp. Hb. n.p. No ISBN number.

DEBATING MUSLIMS: CULTURAL DIALOGUES IN POSTMODER‐NITY AND TRADITION. By Michael M.J. Fischer and Mehdi Abedi. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990. 564pp. Hb. n.p. ISBN 0–299–12430–4.

MUSLIM TRAVELLERS: PILGRIMAGE, MIGRATION AND THE RELIGIOUS IMAGINATION. Edited by Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori. London: Routledge, 1990. 281pp. Pb. £40.00. ISBN 0–415–05033–2.

PRINCIPLES OF ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE. By Mohammed Hashim Kamali. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1991. 417pp. Hb. £25.00. ISBN Hb. 0–946621–23–3; Pb. 0–946621–24–1.

RELIGION, LEARNING AND SCIENCE IN THE ‘ABBASID PERIOD. Edited by M.J.L. Young, J.D. Latham and R.B. Serjeant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 587pp. Hb. £60.00; $95.00. ISBN 0–521–32763–6.

THE SOCIAL LAWS OF THE QUR'AN: By Robert Roberts. London: Curzon Press Ltd.,. 1990. First pub. 1925. 125pp. Pb. £3.75. ISBN 0–391–03661–0.

BUSINESS ACCOUNTING AND ETHICS. By TREVOR GAMBLING and Rifaat Ahmed Abdel Karim. London and New York: Mansell, 1991. 152pp. Hb. n.p. ISBN 0–7201–2074–8.

ISLAMIC FAMILY LAW. Edited by Chibli Mallat and Jane Connors. London and Norwell: Graham and Trotman Ltd, 1990. 358pp + appendix and index. Hb. n.p. ISBN 1–85333–301–8.

THE SAYINGS OF MUHAMMAD. Selected and translated from the Arabic by Neal Robinson. London: Duckworth, 1991 63pp. Pb. £499. ISBN 0–7156–2365–6.

ECONOMIE DU MONDE ARABE ET MUSULMAN. EDITIONS EMAN. Cachan: Editions EMAM, 1990. 240pp. Pb. FF230.00. ISBN 2–9503–484–2–4.

SCHLAGLICHTER UBER DAS SUFITUM: ABU NASR AS‐SARRAGS KITAB AL‐LUMA’. Eingeleitet, iibersetzt und kommentiert von Richard Gramlich. Freiburger Islamstudien, Band XIII. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990. 676pp. Pb. DM270.00. ISBN 3–515–05199–6.

THE MUSLIM MIND. By Charis Waddy. London: Grosvenor Books, 1990. 3rd Edition. 218pp. Pb. £7.50. ISBN 1–85239–008–5.

DECREE AND DESTINY: THE FREEDOM OF NO CHOICE. By ShaykhFadhlallaHaeri. Shaftesbury: Element Books in association with Sahra Publications, 1991. 147pp. Pb. £7.99. ISBN 1–85230–178–3.

REGIONAL

Africa

RELIGION AND PROPERTY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA. By Lissi Rasmussen. Copenhagen: Academic Press, 1990. 278pp. Pb. DKR228.00. ISBN 87–500–2944–4.

DER GNAWA‐KULT: TRANCESPBELE, GEISTERBESCHWORUNG UND BESESSENHEIT IN MAROKKO. By Frank Maurice Welte. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1990. 379pp. Pb. DM36.00. ISBN 3–631–42273–3.

SUDAN AFTER NIMIERI. Edited by Peter Woodward. London: Routledge, 1991. 223pp. Hb. £35.00. ISBN 0–415–00480–2.

MODERN ALGERIA: A HISTORY FROM 1830 TO THE PRESENT. By Charles‐Robert Ageron. London: Hurst & Co., 1991.166pp. Hb. £16.50; Pb. £9.50. ISBN Hb. 1–85065–027–6; Pb. 1–85065–106‐X.

THE BEDOUIN OF CYRENAICA: STUDIES IN PERSONAL AND CORPORATE POWER. By the late Emrys L. Peters. Edited by Jack Goody and Emanuel Marx. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 310pp. Hb. £32.50, $47.50. ISBN 0–521–38561‐X.

LE TROUPEAU DES SONGS. By Alain Le Pichon and Souleymane Balde. Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1990. 353pp. FF240.00. ISBN 2–7351–0411–7.

Asia

RESISTANCE AND CONTROL IN PAKISTAN. By Akbar S. Ahmed. London: Routledge, 1991. 207pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 0–415–05797–3.

PAKISTAN: SOCIAL SCIENTISTS’ PERSPECTIVE. Edited by Akbar S. Ahmed. Karachi, Oxford: OUP, 1990. 298pp. £12.95. ISBN 0–19–577388–8.

MUSLIM SEPARATISM: THE MOROS OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES AND THE MALAYS OF SOUTHERN THAILAND. By W.K. Che Man. Oxford: OUP, 1990. 240pp. Hb. £22.50. ISBN 0–19–588924‐X.

TURKEY AND THE MIDDLE EAST. By Philip Robins. London: Pinter Publishers, 1991. 130pp. Pb. £7.95. ISBN 0–86187–198–7.

INDIEN AM SCHEIDEWEG ZWISCHEN SAKULARISMUS UND FUNDAMENTALISMUS. By Ernst Pulsfort. Religionswissen‐schaftlich Studien, 18. Wurzburg: Echter Verlag; Altenberge: Oros Verlag, 1991. 97pp. + 14 maps and tables. Pb. DM19.80. ISBN 3–429–01412–3 (Echter); 3–89375–041‐X (Oros Verlag).

FROM ZARATHUSTRA TO KHOMEINI: POPULISM AND DISSENT IN HIAN. By Manochehr Dorraj. London: Lynne Rienner, 1990. 220pp. Hb. £29.95. ISBN 1–55587–181‐X.

Europe

ISLAM IN BRITAIN: PAST, PRESENT AND THE FUTURE. By Mohammad S. Raza. Leicester: Volcano Press Ltd., 1991. 120pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 0–06–066837–7.

NEW CHALLENGES — OLD STRATEGIES: THEMES OF VARIATION AND CONFLICT AMONG PAKISTAN MUSLIMS IN NORWAY, by Nora Ahlberg. Helsinki: Finnish Anthropological Society, 1990. 295pp. Hb. FIM130.00. ISBN 951–95435–5–4.

THE INTEGRATION OF ISLAM AND HINDUISM IN WESTERN EUROPE. Edited by W.A.R. Shadid and P.S. van Koningsveld. The Hague: Kok Pharos, 1991, 254pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 90–242–3078–0.

SACRILEGE VERSUS CIVILITY: MUSLIM PERSPECTIVES ON THE SA TANIC VERSES AFFAIR. Edited by M.M. Ahsan and A.R. Kidwai. Leicester: the Islamic Foundation, 1991. 383pp. Pb. £8.50. ISBN 0–86037–210–3.

ISLAM IN EUROPEAN THOUGHT. By ALBERT HOURANI. Cambridge: CUP, 1991. 199pp. Hb. £25.00; $34.50. ISBN 0–521.39213–6.

WERELDGODSDIENSTEN IN NEDERLAND. Edited by JAN SLOMP. Amersfoort/Leuven: De Horstink, 1991. 234pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 90–6184–361–8.

VEILED HALF TRUTHS: WESTERN TRAVELLERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF MIDDLE EASTERN WOMEN. Selected and introduced by Judy Mabro. London; New York. I.B. Tauris, 1991.275pp. Hb. £19.95. ISBN 1–85043–097–7.

Middle East

NO TRUMPETS, NO DRUMS: A TWO‐STATE SETTLEMENT OF THE ISRAELI‐PALESTINIAN CONFLICT. By Sari Nusseibeh and Mark A. Heller. London: I.B. Tauris, 1991. 183pp. Hb. £12.95. ISBN 1–85043–365–8.

ISTANBUL HOUSEHOLDS: MARRIAGE, FAMILY AND FERTILITY, 1880–1940. By Alan Duben and Cem Behar. Cambridge: CUP, 1991. 276pp. Hb. £30.00, $59.50. ISBN 0–521–38375–7.

CHRISTIAN‐MUSLIM RELATIONS

INDIGENOUS CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN ISLAMIC LANDS: CONVERSION AND CONTINUITY: EIGHTH TO EIGHTHEENTH CENTURIES. Edited by Michael Gervers and Ramzi Jibran Bikhazi. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1990. 559pp. Pb. CNS49.50. ISBN 0–88844–809–0.

PLANNING STRATEGIES FOR WORLD EVANGELIZATION. By Edward R. Dayton and David A. Fraser. Monrovia, California: MARC and Grand Rapids/Michigan: Wm. B‐ Eerdmans, 1990. First edition pub. 1980. 349pp. Pb. US$15.95. ISBN 0–8028–0422–5.

KAISER JOHANNES VI: KANTAKUZENOS UND DER ISLAM: POLTTISCHE REAUTAT UND THEOLOGISCHE POLEMIK IM PALAIOLOGENZEITLICHEN BYZANZ. By Klaus‐Peter Todt. Religjonswissenschaftliche Studien 16. Wiirzberg: Echter and Altenberge: Oros‐Verlag, 1991. lx + 705pp. Pb. DM94.80. ISBN 3–429–01370–4 (Echter); 3–89375–035–5 (Oros‐Verlag).

CHRIST IN ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY. By Neal Robinson. London: Macmillan Press, 1991.235pp. Hb. £40.00. ISBN 0–333–52209–5.

GUIDELINES FOR DIALOGUE BETWEEN CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS. By Maurice Borrmans. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press, 1990 (English Translation). Originally published 1981, in French: 132pp. Pb. US$12.95. ISBN 0–8091–3181–1.

WIE TOLERANT 1ST DER ISLAM? Edited by Walter Kerber. Munich: Kindt Verlag, 1991.. 147pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 3–925412–11–5.

GEMEINSAM VOR GOTT: RELIGIONENIM GESPRACH. Edited by R. Kirste, P. Schwarzenau and U. Tworuschska. Hamburg E.B.‐Verlag Rissen, 1991. 335pp. Pb. np. ISBN 3–923002–54–8.

‘GOTT 1ST CHRISTUS, DER SOHN DER MARIA’: EINE STUDIE ZUM CHRISTUSBILD IM KORAN. By Günter Risse. Bonn: Borengasser, 1989. 273pp. Hb. DM34.00. ISBN 3–923946–17–1.

JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM: THE CLASSICAL TEXTS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION. Edited by F.E. Peters. Vols. 1, 2 and 3. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. xxv + 408; xxv + 395; xxv+408pp. Hb. £75.00. Pb. £14.95 (Vol.1); £14.95 (Vol.2); £14.95 (Vol.3). ISBN 0–691–02044–2; 0–691–02054‐X; 0–691–02055–8.

FULNESS OF LIFE (John 10:10): ENCOUNTERING ISLAM, APOSTOLIC VISION. Special issue No.2 of Petit Echo of the’ missionaries of Africa. Rome: Missionaries of Africa, 1991. 172pp. Pb. n.p. No ISBN number.

TRENDS IN MISSION: TOWARD THE 3RD MILLENNIUM. Edited by William Jenkinson and Helene O'Sullivan. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1991. 419pp. Pb. $26.95. ISBN 0–88344–766–5.     

Book reviews

Islam: a challenge for Christianity (Concilium 1994/3). Hans Kung & Jurgen Moltmann (Eds), 1994. London, Concilium; Maryknoll, SCM Press; London, Orbis Books. 163 pp., pb. £8.95, ISBN 0–334–030269.

Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims and Jews in the age of discovery. Bernard Lewis, 1995. New York, Oxford University Press. 101 pp., hb., $16.95, ISBN 0–19–509026–8.

Beyond Faith and Infidelity: the Sufi poetry and teachings of Mahmud Shabistari. L. Lewisohn, 1995. Richmond, Surrey, Curzon Press. 344 pp. pb. £14.99, 0–7007–0343–8.

The Prophet's Pulpit: Islamic preaching in contemporary Egypt. [Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies, 20]. Patrick Gaffney, 1994. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press. 367 pp., hb. £40.00, ISBN 0–520–08471–3, pb. £15.95, ISBN 0–520–08472–1.

Sufi and Scholar on the Desert Edge: Muhammad b. CA1i al‐Sanūsi and his Brotherhood. K. S. Vikor, 1995. London, Hurst & Co. 310 pp. hb. £37.50, ISBN 1 85065 218 X.

Children of Islam. Marie Parker‐Jenkins, 1995. Stoke‐on‐Trent, Trentham Books Ltd. 162 pp., £12.95, ISBN 1–85856 034 9.     

The abstract variable-binding calculus

Theabstract variable binding calculus (VB-calculus) provides a formal frame-work encompassing such diverse variable-binding phenomena as lambda abstraction, Riemann integration, existential and universal quantification (in both classical and nonclassical logic), and various notions of generalized quantification that have been studied in abstract model theory. All axioms of the VB-calculus are in the form of equations, but like the lambda calculus it is not a true equational theory since substitution of terms for variables is restricted. A similar problem with the standard formalism of the first-order predicate logic led to the development of the theory of cylindric and polyadic Boolean algebras. We take the same course here and introduce the variety of polyadic VB-algebras as a pure equational form of the VB-calculus. In one of the main results of the paper we show that every locally finite polyadic VB-algebra of infinite dimension is isomorphic to a functional polyadic VB-algebra that is obtained from a model of the VB-calculus by a natural coordinatization process. This theorem is a generalization of the functional representation theorem for polyadic Boolean algebras given by P. Halmos. As an application of this theorem we present a strong completeness theorem for the VB-calculus. More precisely, we prove that, for every VB-theory T that is obtained by adjoining new equations to the axioms of the VB-calculus, there exists a model D such that _T s=t iff _D s=t. This result specializes to a completeness theorem for a number of familiar systems that can be formalized as VB-calculi. For example, the lambda calculus, the classical first-order predicate calculus, the theory of the generalized quantifierexists uncountably many and a fragment of Riemann integration.The work of the first author was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant #DMS 8805870.     

Counsellor and client perceptions of the effectiveness of time-limited counselling in an occupational counselling scheme

Counsellors providing brief counselling (6 sessions) in a British Social Services Department completed post intervention questionnaires for 429 clients. These provided information on several measures about the degree to which they felt that their clients had benefitted from the counselling, how far they felt that the number of sessions was adequate, and the nature of the clients' problems. Two hundred and twenty-three of the clients also completed post-intervention questionnaires indicating their degree of satisfaction on a number of measures. There was fair agreement between counsellors and clients that outcomes were satisfactory, and that the number of sessions was adequate, although clients were more satisfied than counsellors. Counsellors identified a range of personal and occupational presenting problems, and around two thirds of problems belonged in the personal domain. Long-tern personal problems received lower satisfaction ratings and were more frequently referred on to other agencies.     

Ethical issues in research on preventing HIV infection among injecting drug users

The ethical issues in conducting research on preventing HIV infection are among the most complex of any area of human subjects research. This article is an update of a 1987 article that addressed potential conflicts between research design and ethics with respect to AIDS prevention among injecting drug users. The present article reviews current ethical issues that arise in the design and conduct of HIV/AIDS prevention research focused on injecting drug users. Disclaimer: The content of this publication is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the views of the Beth Israel Medical Center or Johns Hopkins University.     

Attributions of Responsibility for Memory Problems in Older and Younger Adults

This study investigated older and younger persons' responsibility attributions for the cause of and solution to a memory problem and, for comparison, a weight problem. Traditional college-age students (n = 116) and persons over 65 years of age (n = 98) read a vignette describing either a 25-year-old or 65-year-old who had a memory or weight problem. Results indicated that both the age of the help-seeker and problem type affected attributions. Specifically, the 65-year-old was perceived to be less responsible than the 25-year-old for the cause of and solution to a memory problem. In addition, help-seekers with a memory problem were held less responsible for causing and solving their problem than were help-seekers with a weight problem.     

Borderline and schizophrenic patients: A comparison using the MCMI-II

In the present study we examined the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II scores of psychiatric patients with a diagnosis of either borderline personality disorder (BPD;n=13) or schizophrenia (n=13). The analyses revealed that the BPD patients were significantly elevated on a number of scales in addition to the Borderline scale. The second goal of this study was to assess the discriminative validity of the Borderline and Thought Disorder Scales with both base rate (BR) cutoffs and the number of endorsed prototypic items. The Borderline scale demonstrated the most diagnostic power when using BR cutoffs, whereas the Thought Disorder scale performed poorly, no better than chance levels, with all cutoffs.This research was supported by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Grant 410-89-0335 and by a grant from the Department of Research and Programme Evaluation, Brockville Psychiatric Hospital. The authors thank Renate Simmons for her assistance.     

Gender and Hedging: From Sex Differences to Situated Practice

In a reanalysis of women's language, Holmes (1995) has argued that women's use of hedges expresses interpersonal warmth and not, as many researchers have maintained, linguistic tentativeness. It is typically men, she suggests, who employ hedges to convey imprecision and incertitude. In this study, we investigated the use of the hedges sort of and you know in a sample of South African students. Holmes's method of analysis was applied to hedging behavior in 52 dyadic conversations. The study consisted of a 2 (Speaker Gender: Male/Female) × 2 (Audience Gender: Male/Female) × 2 (Condition: Competitive/Noncompetitive) between-subjects experimental design. The results showed that contextual influences eclipsed the effects of gender; in fact, no main effects were found for speaker gender. Fewer hedges were deployed in the competitive condition than in the noncompetitive condition. Moreover, perhaps reflecting differences in social status, both sexes used sort of to express tentativeness more frequently when talking to male addressees. When speaking to female addressees, on the other hand, men deployed facilitative you know hedges more readily than women.     

Role of the preprobe delay in memory-scanning tasks

In a variation of Sternberg's (1966, 1969) memory-scanning task not requiring an explicit negative response, Diener (1988) found that a preprobe delay was necessary to produce the usual set-size effect. In Experiment 1 of the present study, the effect of the preprobe delay was investigated in the typical two-response task. In the absence of a preprobe delay, the function relating response latency to set size was virtually flat for negative responses, but was described by a slope of about 18 msec/item for positive responses. Further research suggested that the reduced set-size effect in the absence of a preprobe delay is the result of expectancy effects usually controlled by the preprobe delay. Informing the subject of the size of the memory set before it was presented (Experiment 2) produced a set-size effect of the usual magnitude in the absence of a preprobe delay. Experiment 3 was designed to assess the effects of expectancy in the absence of a memory search. A task similar in stimulus arrangement to the memory-scanning task but requiring the subject to indicate whether the last digit in the set was odd or even produced a decrease in response latency with set size of 29 msec/item in the absence of a preprobe delay.