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191.
Don D. Coffman 《Journal of Aging and Identity》2002,7(2):133-143
New Horizons Bands are wind and percussion bands designed for both novice and former musicians over the age of 50. This article describes the Iowa City, Iowa, program from the director's observations and from excerpted comments by participants. Not only does the band program fulfill musical aspirations, but it also provides meaningful interpersonal relationships for the adult learners and their families, the college-aged instructors, and the director. 相似文献
192.
Serotonin is a fundamental neuromodulator in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems, with a suspected role in many human mental disorders. Yet, because of the complexity of serotonergic function, researchers have been unable to agree on a general theory. One function suggested for serotonin systems is the avoidance of threat. We propose and review evidence for an alternative hypothesis, that a phylogenetically primitive of function of serotonin is to oppose the activating neuromodulators (particularly noradrenalin and dopamine). The functional effect of this opposition can be seen as applying a drive to withdraw from dangerous, aversive or high stimulation environments. Proposing that serotonin is involved in a drive to withdraw and seek contentment, instead of a drive to avoid, may be compatible with several lines of evidence on serotonin function and may facilitate a better understanding of serotonergic neuromodulation in human psychopathology. 相似文献
193.
Doris Keye Oliver Wilhelm Klaus Oberauer Don van Ravenzwaaij 《Psychological research》2009,73(6):762-776
Conflict and context slow-down have been proposed as indicators of a conflict-monitoring system that initiates cognitive control
to resolve conflicts in information processing. We investigated individual differences in conflict-monitoring and their associations
with working memory (WM) and impulsivity. A total of 150 adults completed a Simon and an Eriksen flanker task, together with
measures of WM and impulsivity. On both tasks, responses were slower and less accurate on incompatible than on compatible
trials (conflict effect), and the conflict effect was larger when the preceding trial was compatible than when it was incompatible
(context effect). Stimulus repetition did not explain the context effect. Individual differences could be attributed to three
separable factors for each task: general speeded performance, conflict effect, and context effect. Evidence for across-task
generality of these factors was sparse. Associations of these factors with impulsivity were weak at best. WM was correlated
with general speed, and also with some but not all factors reflecting conflict-related processes. 相似文献
194.
The use of action- versus judgment-oriented decision strategies in a dynamic decision task is investigated. Subjects engaged in a simulated medical decision-making task, where the goal is to select treatments in order to cure patients suffering from an unknown disease. The experiment manipulated two task factors that were predicted to influence the effectiveness and efficiency of action- and judgment-oriented strategies: (1) the availability of a decision aid that promotes the interpretability of outcome feedback in the task and (2) the level of risk associated with treatment choices, which influences the opportunity for corrective actions to compensate for earlier decision errors. Results indicated that these manipulations did in fact influence performance. However, most subjects did not use action-oriented strategies even when they would have led to superior performance. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed and the implications for theoretical accounts of strategy acquisition and selection are considered. 相似文献
195.
196.
197.
Kay Lancefield C. J. Lennings Don Thomson 《International journal of stress management》1997,4(3):205-219
This study investigates the impact of the work environment on the level of perceived job stress in prison officers. Two models
of prison administration were assessed in an attempt to identify the organizational structures and processes which were related
to level of occupational stress. To identify the impact of occupational stress on prison officers, the bureaucratic and unit
management models of prison administration are compared with respect to officer job characteristics and management processes.
The Occupational Role Questionnaire and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered to 112 prison officers. A multivariate
analysis identified a significant main effect for prison management type. On all measures, prison officers from the bureaucratic
management model (Pentridge Prison) scored higher than officers from a unit management model (Barwon Prison). Role boundary,
physical environment, and trait anxiety were the most salient discriminators between officers from Pentridge and Barwon.
Private Practice. 相似文献
198.
Rex L. Clarke Robert F. Smith Don R. Justesen Charles L. Sheridan William D. Cushman 《Behavior research methods》1984,16(5):439-443
A new device to detect vocalizations by mice or rats is described. Of modest cost and incorporating integrated circuits and controls that permit rapid setting of center frequency and sensitivity, the device is based on phase-locked tone decoding and can operate at sonic or ultrasonic frequencies. Circuit operation and schematics are provided, as are data from two studies of mice in which reliable discrimination of distress and submission calls from background noise was demonstrated. 相似文献
199.
Data from visual-search tasks are typically interpreted to mean that searching for targets defined by feature differences does not require attention and thus can be performed in parallel, whereas searching for other targets requires serial allocation of attention. The question addressed here was whether a parallel-serial dichotomy would be obtained if data were collected using a variety of targets representing each of several kinds of defining features. Data analyses included several computations in addition to search rate: (1) target-absent to target-present slope ratios; (2) two separate data transformations to control for errors; (3) minimum reaction time; and (4) slopes of standard deviation as a function of set size. Some targets showed strongly parallel or strongly serial search, but there was evidence for several intermediate search classes. Sometimes, for a given target-distractor pair, the results depended strongly on which character was the target and which was the distractor. Implications from theories of visual search are discussed. 相似文献
200.
Typical faces are more poorly discriminated on tests of recognition than are atypical faces, an effect suggested to mediate similar findings for attractive or likable faces. We tested the hypothesis that the effect of typicality on recognition is a function of context-free familiarity and memorability, which function in opposition. Two orthogonal principal components were extracted from subjects' ratings of faces for typicality, familiarity, attractiveness, likability, and memorability--one consisting of the ratings of familiarity, attractiveness, and likability, and reflecting context-free familiarity, and the other consisting of the memorability rating. As expected, typicality loaded equally (r approximately .66), but with opposite sign, on both components. In subsequent experiments, both components were found to be significant and additive predictors of face recognition with no residual effect of typicality. General familiarity decreased discrimination, and the memorability component enhanced it, supporting the hypothesis. The results are discussed in terms of the mirror effect. 相似文献