Disputing clients' irrational beliefs

This paper describes and illustrates a conceptual framework developed to assist novice REBT therapists with enlarging their disputational repertoire. First, four disputational strategies are described and illustrated. Then four disputational styles of presenting the strategies to the client are also described and illustrated. Then the disputational strategies and the disputational styles are combined within a conceptual framework to assist the developing REBT therapist in generating a variety of disputes for a single IB. Finally, the conceptual framework is applied to the IB of the case of Karen from Dryden and Digiuseppe'sPrimer on Rational Emotive Therapy to yield thirty-two separate disputes (sixteen disputes for the premise of the IB, and sixteen disputes for the derivative) of the IB.     

Practice-based competencies for accreditation of and training in graduate programs in genetic counseling

In January 1996, the American Board of Genetic Counseling (ABGC) adopted 27 practice-based competencies as a standard for assessing the training of graduate students in genetic counseling. These competencies were identified and refined through a collective, narrative process that took place from January through November 1994, and included directors of graduate programs in genetic counseling, ABGC board members and expert consultants. These competencies now form the basis of the document Requirements for Graduate Programs in Genetic Counseling Seeking Accreditation by the American Board of Genetic Counseling (American Board of Genetic Counseling, 1996). The competencies are organized into four domains and are presented and discussed in this article.The Consortium includes Directors of established graduate programs in genetic counseling and members of the ABGC Board of Directors who participated in the Consensus Development Conference held in January, 1994: Diane Baker (University of Michigan/ABGC); Bonnie Baty (ABGC); Joan Burns (University of Wisconsin); Debra Collins (ABGC); Virginia Corson (ABGC); Beth Fine (Northwestern University/ABGC); Elizabeth Gettig (University of Pittsburgh); Verle Headings (Howard University); Jacqueline Hecht (University of Texas); Carl Huether (University of Cincinnati); Bonnie LeRoy (University of Minnesota); Joan Marks (Sarah Lawrence College); Anne Matthews (University of Colorado); Roberta Palmour (McGill University); Lorna Phelps (Medical College of Virginia); Kimberly Quaid (Indiana University); Joan Scott (ABGC); Ann Smith (ABGC); Helen Travers (ABGC); Judith Tsipis (Brandeis University); Ann Walker (University of California-Irvine/ABGC); Jon Weil (University of California-Berkeley); S. Robert Young (University of South Carolina); Randi Zinberg (Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York).     

A case-based approach to the development of practice-based competencies for accreditation of and training in graduate programs in genetic counseling

The American Board of Genetic Counseling (ABGC) sponsored a consensus development conference with participation from directors of graduate programs in genetic counseling, board members, and expert consultants. Using a collective, narrative, and case-based approach, 27 competencies were identified as embedded in the practice of genetic counseling. These competencies were organized into four domains of skills: Communication; Critical Thinking; Interpersonal, Counseling, and Psychosocial Assessment; and Professional Ethics and Values. The adoption of a competency framework for accreditation has a variety of implications for curriculum design and implementation. We report here the process by which a set of practice-based genetic counseling competencies have been derived; and in an accompanying article, the competencies themselves are provided. We also discuss the application of the competencies to graduate program accreditation as well as some of the implications competency-based standards may have for education and the genetic counseling profession. These guidelines may also serve as a basis for the continuing education of practicing genetic counselors and a performance evaluation tool in the workplace.The Consortium includes Directors of established graduate programs in genetic counseling and members of the ABGC Board of Directors who participated in the Consensus Development Conference held in January 1994: Diane Baker (University of Michigan/ABGC); Bonnie Baty (ABGC); Joan Burns (University of Wisconsin); Debra Collins (ABGC); Virginia Corson (ABGC); Beth Fine (Northwestern University/ABGC); Elizabeth Gettig (University of Pittsburgh); Verle Headings (Howard University); Jacqueline Hecht (University of Texas); Carl Huether (University of Cincinnati); Bonnie LeRoy (University of Minnesota); Joan Marks (Sarah Lawrence College); Anne Matthews (University of Colorado); Roberta Palmour (McGill University); Lorna Phelps (Medical College of Virginia); Kimberly Quaid (Indiana University); Joan Scott (ABGC); Ann Smith (ABGC); Helen Travers (ABGC); Judith Tsipis (Brandeis University); Ann Walker (University of California-Irvine/ABGC); Jon Weil (University of California-Berkeley); S. Robert Young (University of South Carolina); Randi Zinberg (Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York).     

Dimensions of behavior in children with speech and language disorders

The behavioral symptoms of a population of children with speech and language disorders (with a mean age of approximately 6 years) were studied with a teacher and a parent questionnaire. A factor analysis produced similar factors for both questionnaires: Hyperactivity-Conduct, Affect, and Language. An Asocial factor was also found with the teacher questionnaire. The factors of this study were in good agreement with the general factors of Aggression and Withdrawal found in other quantitative studies. Mean factor score profiles were reported for this unique population of children.The authors would like to thank Dr. Donald Guthrie for his statistical consultation and Dr. Howard Grey for the use of his patient population.     

A simple encoding and recording system for small group observation

A simple and inexpensive system for coding and recording interaction patterns in small groups is described. It consists of a keyboard and a standard tape recorder, and it is capable of storing sequential data using up to 36 codes. Its main application is in the study of speaker-target patterns, but it can also be used in encoding up to 12 behavioral codes, or six speakers and 6 codes. The keyboard costs less than $200 and is used with conventional tape recorders and minicomputers available at most research sites.     

Detection of Fs in a single statement: The role of phonetic recoding

Most college-student readers have difficulty in detecting the letter F in instances of the word OF embedded in a single statement. Throughout a series of five experiments designed to clarify the basis of these detection failures, their unique and robust nature was demonstrated. The detection failures persisted in spite of repeated attempts to detect the letters by subjects who, in separate conditions and experiments, first memorized or copied the statement, or who, for purposes of comparison, also detected the O in OF, the N in ON, or the F in IF, or who read the statement in a number of physical formats, which included lower and upper letter cases, scrambled syntax, unsegmented letter strings, and vertical (list) presentation. Although many of these manipulations significantly improved performance, none produced perfect performance or performance comparable to the detection of F in IF. Several hypotheses, including those of redundancy, unitization, and phonetic recoding, were tested as explanations of the detection failures: The hypothesis that received the strongest support was that of phonetic recoding. This hypothesis focuses upon the atypical pronunciation of F as/v/(as in the word OF), rather than as the more typical/f/. In short, this reading illusion was concluded to be, in large part, a result of the subjects’ scanning their acoustic rather than their visual images of the printed word.     

Derivatives of the Self-Directed Search: Potential clinical and evaluative uses

Four derivatives of the Self-Directed Search (SDS), accuracy in estimating one's profile, differentiation of one's six SDS personality types, consistency of the types within one's summary code, and congruence of the summary code with the preferred occupational area, were computed and correlated with other indices of career maturity for 138 community college students. Accuracy in estimating one's SDS profile correlated significantly with five other career maturity indices, but the other derivatives tended not to relate to the other career maturity criteria. The discussion examines the implications of using the Accuracy derivative to identify clients in need of assistance with career development and to unobtrusively evaluate career development interventions, and it suggests ways of increasing the reliability of the derivatives and promising directions for further research.     

Adolescent Smoking Behavior and the Recognition of Cigarette Advertisements1

In a study designed to assess the relationship between smoking status and correct identification of cigarette brands, junior high school students from two schools viewed cigarette and automobile advertisements with brand and model identification deleted. Results showed that adolescents with higher ad recognition scores were more likely to smoke cigarettes. In addition, a relationship was found between age and correct identification of cigarette advertisements, with older students identifying more ads correctly than younger students. No significant effects emerged for identification of automobile advertisements except for sex, with boys identifying more advertisements than girls. Additional findings indicated that even “experimental” smokers, who smoked as little as once per year, recognized significantly more cigarette advertisements than nonsmokers. These and other results are discussed in terms of their implications for prevention and policy issues. It is argued that society's allowance of printed cigarette advertising overlooks adolescents' heightened vulnerability to the kinds of appeals used in cigarette advertisements. Present policy also overlooks adolescents' relative unresponsiveness to the health risk information required in cigarette advertisements.