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91.
Two experiments investigated psychological representations of musical tonality in auditory imagery. In Experiment 1, musically
trained participants heard a single tone as a perceptual cue and built an auditory image of a specified major tonality based
on that cue; participants’ images were then assessed using judgments of probe tones. In Experiment 2 participants imaged a
minor tonality rather than a major one. Analysis of the probe tone ratings indicated that participants successfully imaged
both major and minor tonal hierarchies, demonstrating that auditory imagery functions comparably to auditory perception. In
addition, the strength of the major tonal image was dependent upon the pitch and tonal relations of the perceptual cue and
the to-be-imaged tonality. Finally, representations of minor tonal hierarchies were less robust than those of major ones,
converging with perceptual evidence that minor tonalities are less psychologically stable than major tonalities. 相似文献
92.
Lamy D Egeth HE 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2003,29(5):1003-1020
Six experiments were conducted to determine the circumstances under which an irrelevant singleton captures attention. Subjects searched for a target while ignoring a salient distractor that appeared at different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) prior to each search display. Spatial congruency and interference effects were measured. The strategies available to find the target were controlled (only singleton-detection mode, only feature-search mode, or both search strategies available). An irrelevant abrupt onset captured attention in search for a color target, across SOAs, whatever strategies were available. In contrast, in search for a shape target, an irrelevant color singleton captured attention in the singleton-detection condition but delayed response at its location in the feature-search condition, across SOAs. When both strategies were available, capture was short lived (50- to 100-msec SOAs). The theoretical implications of these findings in relation to current views on attentional capture are discussed. ((c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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94.
When making decisions animals can rely on information stored in memory and/or on information available through perceptual
processes. Under some circumstances, perceptual access to a relevant piece of information can be lost as when a prey hides
under a cover. If this piece of information is critical, the animal must be able to keep it active in the working memory until
the final decision is made. Species endowed with object permanence can to a certain extent overcome such a lack of perceptual
access. Numerous studies have investigated object permanence in animals, but no study systematically examined the interaction
when making a decision between an information directly available through perception and an information that can no longer
be perceived. In the present study, domestic cats (Felis catus) were administered a progressive elimination task in which they had to visit and deplete either two visible and one hidden
target (e.g., Experiments 1 and 2) or one visible and two hidden targets (e.g., Experiments 3 and 4). The cats were brought
back to the starting point after each visit to any target whether that target had been previously visited or not. The results
revealed that the cats searched at the visible target(s) first and at the hidden target(s) last, which was referred to as
the visibility rule. The results also revealed that the position of the bowl that was distinct (e.g., the visible bowl when
the two other ones were hidden and the opposite) influenced the way this cognitive rule was implemented. More specifically,
when the intermediate bowl was distinct the visibility rule was readily implemented but when either the right of the left
bowl was distinct the visibility was violated. That is the cats did no longer choose the visible target(s) first. The visibility
rule was interpreted in terms of optimization principles, the external distinct target effect was interpreted in terms of
divided attention and lateralization. 相似文献
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97.
Dominic Abrams Mario Weick Dominique Thomas Hazel Colbe Keith M. Franklin 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2011,29(1):110-123
This research examines adults', and for the first time, children's and adolescents' reaction to being ostracized and included, using an on‐line game, ‘Cyberball’ with same and opposite sex players. Ostracism strongly threatened four primary needs (esteem, belonging, meaning, and control) and lowered mood among 8‐ to 9‐year‐olds, 13‐ to 14‐year‐olds, and adults. However, it did so in different ways. Ostracism threatened self‐esteem needs more among 8‐ to 9‐year‐olds than older participants. Among 13‐ to 14‐year‐olds, ostracism threatened belonging more than other needs. Belonging was threatened most when ostracism was participants' first experience in the game. Moreover, when participants had been included beforehand, ostracism threatened meaning needs most strongly. Gender of other players had no effect. Practical and developmental implications for social inclusion and on‐line experiences among children and young people are discussed. 相似文献
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99.
Émilie Sandrin Claude Fernet Clément Depint-Rouault Monique Leloup Dominique Portenard 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2013,26(5):568-580
ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives: Although workaholism has been associated with job performance, the mechanisms that explain this relationship remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the conditional indirect effects of workaholism on performance via emotional exhaustion, across low and high levels of supervisor recognition.Methods: We conducted an empirical cross-sectional study using a sample of 1028 volunteer firefighters who completed a self-report questionnaire assessing workaholism, emotional exhaustion, work performance, and supervisor recognition.Results: Tests of latent interactions were performed using the latent moderated structural equation modeling approach. Consistent with our predictions, results revealed that the negative indirect effects of workaholism on performance, through emotional exhaustion, were stronger when supervisor recognition was low.Conclusions: Theorical contributions and perspectives, as well as implications for practice are discussed. 相似文献
100.
Céline Ngon Andrew Martin Emmanuel Dupoux Dominique Cabrol Michel Dutat Sharon Peperkamp 《Developmental science》2013,16(1):24-34
Previous research with artificial language learning paradigms has shown that infants are sensitive to statistical cues to word boundaries (Saffran, Aslin & Newport, 1996) and that they can use these cues to extract word‐like units (Saffran, 2001). However, it is unknown whether infants use statistical information to construct a receptive lexicon when acquiring their native language. In order to investigate this issue, we rely on the fact that besides real words a statistical algorithm extracts sound sequences that are highly frequent in infant‐directed speech but constitute nonwords. In three experiments, we use a preferential listening paradigm to test French‐learning 11‐month‐old infants' recognition of highly frequent disyllabic sequences from their native language. In Experiments 1 and 2, we use nonword stimuli and find that infants listen longer to high‐frequency than to low‐frequency sequences. In Experiment 3, we compare high‐frequency nonwords to real words in the same frequency range, and find that infants show no preference. Thus, at 11 months, French‐learning infants recognize highly frequent sound sequences from their native language and fail to differentiate between words and nonwords among these sequences. These results are evidence that they have used statistical information to extract word candidates from their input and stored them in a ‘protolexicon’, containing both words and nonwords. 相似文献