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71.
72.
The study was designated to explore the resilient (moderating) influences of gender-related personality traits and coping
flexibility on the relations between life event stress and psychosocial adjustment in a sample of 291 Chinese young adults.
Multiple outcomes (i.e., psychological, physical, and interpersonal aspects of adjustments) were separately examined with
regression analysis. The interaction effects explained 5% of the unique variance in the psychological distress model and 4%
of the unique variance in the interpersonal functioning model beyond the main effects. Coping flexibility tended to reduce
the associations between life event stress and depression. Furthermore, masculinity buffered the link between life event stress
and interpersonal functioning. The three-way interaction masculinity × femininity × stress also predicted additional unique
variance in interpersonal functioning, which indicates that non-gender-typed respondents showed greater resilience to recent
life stress than did their gender-typed counterparts. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
73.
This study examined 1,361 Chinese adolescents who reported self-injurious behaviors. Groups A and B both acknowledged deliberate self-injury, but only Group A had made a suicide attempt. Group C reported accidental self-injury. Deliberate self-injurers (Groups A and B) were more frequently girls, older, and with more suicidal ideation. Group A had more psychopathology, environmental and suicide-related risk factors than group B and C. Group C had higher depressive symptoms than noninjured controls. The study clarifies differences among self-injurious behavior groups based on expressed deliberate self-injury and self-reported suicide attempt. These three groups appear to present a continuum of risk. 相似文献
74.
Up until recently, it had been assumed that attentional biases for negative information do not exist in depression. However studies using post-conscious exposure durations have produced contradictory results. The limitations of common attentional tasks, suitability of stimulus materials and differences in stimulus duration times may have contributed to these inconsistencies. We aimed to address many of these issues and examine attentional responses in major depression at two post-conscious exposure times. We also investigated possible roles for rumination and distraction in increasing and lessening attentional biases for negative information. We used a fully controlled experimental design to test the effects of both induced and trait rumination and distraction on attention in patients with major depression and healthy controls. Attention was assessed using the dot-probe task. The findings revealed an attentional bias for negative information in depressed patients only at the longer post-conscious exposure duration. Furthermore although this bias was not influenced by either induced or trait distraction, it was related to trait rumination. Overall, the results showed that depression is associated with a strategic attentional bias towards negative information and that this bias is stronger in individuals who habitually ruminate. 相似文献
75.
Dominic Wilkinson 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2009,30(6):401-410
Predictions of poor prognosis for critically ill patients may become self-fulfilling if life-sustaining treatment or resuscitation
is subsequently withheld on the basis of that prediction. This paper outlines the epistemic and normative problems raised
by self-fulfilling prophecies (SFPs) in intensive care. Where predictions affect outcome, it can be extremely difficult to
ascertain the mortality rate for patients if all treatment were provided. SFPs may lead to an increase in mortality for cohorts
of patients predicted to have poor prognosis, they may lead doctors to feel causally responsible for the deaths of their patients,
and they may compromise honest communication with patients and families about prognosis. However, I argue that the self-fulfilling
prophecy is inevitable when life-sustaining treatment is withheld or withdrawn in the face of uncertainty. SFPs do not necessarily
make treatment limitation decisions problematic. To minimize the effects of SFPs, it is essential to carefully collect and
appraise evidence about prognosis. Doctors need to be honest with themselves and with patients and their families about uncertainty
and the limits of knowledge. 相似文献
76.
Mundy ME Honey RC Dwyer DM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2007,33(2):124-138
Human participants received unsupervised exposure to difficult-to-discriminate stimuli (e.g., A and A'), created with a morphing procedure from photographs of faces, before learning a discrimination between them. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that prior exposure enhanced later discrimination and that intermixed exposure (A, A', A, A'...) resulted in better subsequent discrimination than blocked exposure (B, B, ...B', B'...). Experiments 3 and 4 showed that simultaneous exposure to 2 similar stimuli facilitated the later acquisition of both a simultaneous and a successive discrimination, and this effect was observed even though simultaneous exposure to 2 stimuli fostered the development of an excitatory association between them (Experiment 5). The findings of Experiments 1 and 2 revealed a perceptual learning effect with pictures of faces, and the findings of Experiments 3-5 are difficult to reconcile with associative analyses of perceptual learning. 相似文献
77.
Class Size and Student Achievement 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Ronald G. Ehrenberg Dominic J. Brewer Adam Gamoran & J. Douglas Willms 《Psychological Science in the Public Interest》2001,2(1):1-30
Contents:
Introduction, p.1
Quasi-Experimental Studies, p.3
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Studies, p.15
Why Does Class Size Matter? Inferences from Existing Research, p.20
Implications of the Class-Size Findings, p.25
References, p.26
Appendix, p.29 相似文献
Introduction, p.1
Quasi-Experimental Studies, p.3
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Studies, p.15
Why Does Class Size Matter? Inferences from Existing Research, p.20
Implications of the Class-Size Findings, p.25
References, p.26
Appendix, p.29 相似文献
78.
Attentional effects in perceptual processing are analyzed within a framework of a fuzzy logical model of perception. The recognition of a pattern is conceptualized as involving three stages of processing: featural evaluation, integration of features, and pattern classification. The model predicts no loss of resolution when multiple sources of information are integrated to recognize a perceptual event. This model is contrasted with a single-channel model in which only one source of information can be recognized at a time. The task involves a relatively novel situation of speech perception by ear and eye. No attentional decrement is observed when observers process both auditory and visual speech specifying a single speech event. This result contrasts with previous studies showing a loss when attention has to be divided between different events along auditory and visual modalities. The different results are interpreted in terms of the number of events that have to be processed. Processing two different modalities leads to an attentional decrement when the two inputs specify different events whereas no attentional decrement occurs when these inputs are integrated to recognize a single event. A distinction is made between detection that requires only the evaluation of a single source of information and recognition that requires the evaluation and integration of multiple sources of information. The current framework is also used to discuss previous empirical and theoretical work and the issue of early versus late selection. 相似文献
79.
80.
This experiment examines how emotion is perceived by using facial and vocal cues of a speaker. Three levels of facial affect were presented using a computer-generated face. Three levels of vocal affect were obtained by recording the voice of a male amateur actor who spoke a semantically neutral word in different simulated emotional states. These two independent variables were presented to subjects in all possible permutations—visual cues alone, vocal cues alone, and visual and vocal cues together—which gave a total set of 15 stimuli. The subjects were asked to judge the emotion of the stimuli in a two-alternative forced choice task (either HAPPY or ANGRY). The results indicate that subjects evaluate and integrate information from both modalities to perceive emotion. The influence of one modality was greater to the extent that the other was ambiguous (neutral). The fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP) fit the judgments significantly better than an additive model, which weakens theories based on an additive combination of modalities, categorical perception, and influence from only a single modality. 相似文献