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91.
Both Anglo‐French and Mexican‐American relations are embedded in histories of conflict. Within these intergroup contexts, two longitudinal field studies of contact tested Pettigrew's ( 1998 ) reformulated model of the intergroup contact theory and Gaertner and Dovidio's (2000) Common Ingroup Identity Model (CIIM). In Pettigrew's model, intergroup friendship is accorded a special role and the contact‐bias relation is mediated by changing behaviour, ingroup reappraisal, generating affective ties, and learning about the outgroup. Pettigrew's integration of the three central models of contact generalization into a time‐sequence holds that contact first elicits decategorization, then salient categorization, and finally recategorization. In the CIIM, these three levels of categorization—plus a fourth, dual identity—are conceptualized to be mediators in the contact‐bias relation. Results point to the crucial importance of intergroup friendship and underline the mediating roles of learning about the outgroup, behaviour modification, and generating affective ties, but not ingroup reappraisal in Pettigrew's model. As for the CIIM, in Study 1 interpersonal and intergroup levels were most central, while in Study 2 the dual identity and superordinate group levels were most effective. The implications of the findings are discussed with reference to the likely stability of these effects in different intergroup contexts. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Access to the Internet is an important issue in terms of equity and the UK government has stated ‘Our goal is to ensure that
everyone who wants it has access to the Internet by 2005.’ (UK Online Annual Report, 2002). This survey of Internet use by
1340 secondary school students from four schools in the Teesside area of England was carried out in order to assess whether
the government is realising its ambition of Internet access amongst 11–16 year-olds, and also to determine whether or not
gender differences exist in Internet use. Furthermore, the data supplied are intended to inform later studies of more specific
aspects of children's Internet use. Generally, it was found that most children used the Internet, were quite comfortable with
it, and used it for a variety of applications. However, a considerable minority of respondents also considered themselves
non-users of the Internet. There were also some gender differences found in the data which in general suggested something
of a male bias towards Internet use. It was concluded that these are issues that need to be addressed for the purposes of
equity and if the government is to achieve its goal of Internet access for all by 2005. A number of suggestions for further
research into Internet use by children are also suggested in this paper. 相似文献
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The assessment of aggression against women is demanding primarily because assessment strategies do not share a common language to describe reliably the wide range of forms of aggression women experience. The lack of a common language impairs efforts to describe these experiences, understand causes and consequences of aggression against women, and develop effective intervention and prevention efforts. This review accomplishes two goals. First, it applies a theoretically and empirically based taxonomy to behaviors assessed by existing measurement instruments. Second, it evaluates whether the taxonomy provides a common language for the field. Strengths of the taxonomy include its ability to describe and categorize all forms of aggression found in existing quantitative measures. The taxonomy also classifies numerous examples of aggression discussed in the literature but notably absent from quantitative measures. Although we use existing quantitative measures as a starting place to evaluate the taxonomy, its use is not limited to quantitative methods. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 35:462–476, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
96.
Georgina M. Jackson Rachel Swainson Dominic Mort Masud Husain Stephen R. Jackson 《Psychological research》2009,73(2):263-270
Simultanagnosia (resulting from occipito-parietal damage) is a profound visual deficit, which impairs the ability to perceive
multiple items in a visual display, while preserving the ability to recognise single objects. Here we demonstrate in a patient
presenting with Balint’s syndrome that this deficit may result from an extreme form of competition between objects which makes
it difficult for attention to be disengaged from an object once it has been selected. 相似文献
97.
Dominic Abrams Adam Rutland Sally B. Palmer Joseph Pelletier Jennifer Ferrell Samantha Lee 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2014,32(3):233-247
Children aged 6–7 years judged a loyal and a partially disloyal member of a school in terms of how typical they are within the school group and their likely acceptance by peers from the same school and a different school. Second‐order mental‐state understanding (SOMSU) predicted whether children thought atypical members would be included differently in the two groups. Counterfactual reasoning ability, multiple classification ability, and working memory ability did not predict children's judgements of group members. Moreover, as predicted by the developmental subjective group dynamics model, only children with higher levels of SOMSU and who discerned differences in the typicality of normative and deviant ingroup members inferred that peers would differently include atypical individuals from the same and different groups. 相似文献
98.
Dominic Abrams Adam Rutland Sally B. Palmer Kiran Purewal 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2014,32(3):257-261
Abrams, Rutland, Palmer, Ferrell, and Pelletier (2014) showed that better second‐order mental state understanding facilitates 6–7‐year‐olds' ability to link a partially disloyal child's atypicality to inclusive or exclusive reactions by in‐group or outgroup members. This finding is interpreted in terms of predictions from the developmental subjective group dynamics model. We respond to thoughtful commentaries by Rhodes and Chalik, Patterson, and Rakoczy. Children face a significant developmental challenge in becoming able to recognize and interpret social atypicality in intergroup contexts. Researching that ability to contextualize judgements raises new questions about the nature of peer inclusion and exclusion, about children's social cognition, and about the way that social cognitive development and social experience combine. Rather than individual‐focused cognition taking priority over category‐based cognition, we argue the two become more systematically integrated during development. We note that loyalty is but one example of typicality, and we also consider the role of more advanced perspective taking among older children, and the role of multiple classification skill among younger children, as well as potential implications for intervention to reduce peer victimization and prejudice. 相似文献
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We have implemented software for development of synthetic visual speech and perceptual experimentation on a UNIX workstation. We describe recent improvements in the speech synthesis and the capabilities of the development system. We also show how a typical experiment is programmed and describe our solutions for real-time experimental control under the UNIX operating system. 相似文献