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81.
82.
Dominic J. Packer 《Perspectives on Psychological Science》2008,3(4):301-304
ABSTRACT— A meta-analysis of data from eight of Milgram's obedience experiments reveals previously undocumented systematicity in the behavior of disobedient participants. In all studies, disobedience was most likely at 150 v, the point at which the shocked "learner" first requested to be released. Further illustrating the importance of the 150-v point, obedience rates across studies covaried with rates of disobedience at 150 v, but not at any other point; as obedience decreased, disobedience at 150 v increased. In contrast, disobedience was not associated with the learner's escalating expressions of pain. This analysis identifies a critical decision point in the obedience paradigm and suggests that disobedient participants perceived the learner's right to terminate the experiment as overriding the experimenter's orders, a finding with potential implications for the treatment of prisoners. 相似文献
83.
Paul Hutchison Dominic Abrams G. Tendayi Viki 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(3):874-881
Two studies investigated the impact of the presentation of an undesirable group member on group stereotype judgments among participants with varying degrees of ingroup identification. In Study 1 (N = 67), identification was associated with stereotype change following presentation of an undesirable, but not a desirable, ingroup member. This relationship was mediated by evaluations of the undesirable ingroup member: the stronger the identification, the more negative the evaluation, and the greater the shift towards a more positive ingroup stereotype. In Study 2 (N = 180), identification was positively associated with ingroup stereotype ratings following presentation of an undesirable ingroup member but was negatively associated with outgroup ratings following presentation of an undesirable outgroup member. As in Study 1, the association between ingroup identification and ingroup stereotype ratings was mediated by evaluations of the undesirable ingroup member. Results are discussed in relation to the black sheep effect and identity maintenance strategies. 相似文献
84.
Both Anglo‐French and Mexican‐American relations are embedded in histories of conflict. Within these intergroup contexts, two longitudinal field studies of contact tested Pettigrew's ( 1998 ) reformulated model of the intergroup contact theory and Gaertner and Dovidio's (2000) Common Ingroup Identity Model (CIIM). In Pettigrew's model, intergroup friendship is accorded a special role and the contact‐bias relation is mediated by changing behaviour, ingroup reappraisal, generating affective ties, and learning about the outgroup. Pettigrew's integration of the three central models of contact generalization into a time‐sequence holds that contact first elicits decategorization, then salient categorization, and finally recategorization. In the CIIM, these three levels of categorization—plus a fourth, dual identity—are conceptualized to be mediators in the contact‐bias relation. Results point to the crucial importance of intergroup friendship and underline the mediating roles of learning about the outgroup, behaviour modification, and generating affective ties, but not ingroup reappraisal in Pettigrew's model. As for the CIIM, in Study 1 interpersonal and intergroup levels were most central, while in Study 2 the dual identity and superordinate group levels were most effective. The implications of the findings are discussed with reference to the likely stability of these effects in different intergroup contexts. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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86.
Access to the Internet is an important issue in terms of equity and the UK government has stated ‘Our goal is to ensure that
everyone who wants it has access to the Internet by 2005.’ (UK Online Annual Report, 2002). This survey of Internet use by
1340 secondary school students from four schools in the Teesside area of England was carried out in order to assess whether
the government is realising its ambition of Internet access amongst 11–16 year-olds, and also to determine whether or not
gender differences exist in Internet use. Furthermore, the data supplied are intended to inform later studies of more specific
aspects of children's Internet use. Generally, it was found that most children used the Internet, were quite comfortable with
it, and used it for a variety of applications. However, a considerable minority of respondents also considered themselves
non-users of the Internet. There were also some gender differences found in the data which in general suggested something
of a male bias towards Internet use. It was concluded that these are issues that need to be addressed for the purposes of
equity and if the government is to achieve its goal of Internet access for all by 2005. A number of suggestions for further
research into Internet use by children are also suggested in this paper. 相似文献
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88.
The assessment of aggression against women is demanding primarily because assessment strategies do not share a common language to describe reliably the wide range of forms of aggression women experience. The lack of a common language impairs efforts to describe these experiences, understand causes and consequences of aggression against women, and develop effective intervention and prevention efforts. This review accomplishes two goals. First, it applies a theoretically and empirically based taxonomy to behaviors assessed by existing measurement instruments. Second, it evaluates whether the taxonomy provides a common language for the field. Strengths of the taxonomy include its ability to describe and categorize all forms of aggression found in existing quantitative measures. The taxonomy also classifies numerous examples of aggression discussed in the literature but notably absent from quantitative measures. Although we use existing quantitative measures as a starting place to evaluate the taxonomy, its use is not limited to quantitative methods. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 35:462–476, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
89.
Georgina M. Jackson Rachel Swainson Dominic Mort Masud Husain Stephen R. Jackson 《Psychological research》2009,73(2):263-270
Simultanagnosia (resulting from occipito-parietal damage) is a profound visual deficit, which impairs the ability to perceive
multiple items in a visual display, while preserving the ability to recognise single objects. Here we demonstrate in a patient
presenting with Balint’s syndrome that this deficit may result from an extreme form of competition between objects which makes
it difficult for attention to be disengaged from an object once it has been selected. 相似文献
90.