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61.
Up until recently, it had been assumed that attentional biases for negative information do not exist in depression. However studies using post-conscious exposure durations have produced contradictory results. The limitations of common attentional tasks, suitability of stimulus materials and differences in stimulus duration times may have contributed to these inconsistencies. We aimed to address many of these issues and examine attentional responses in major depression at two post-conscious exposure times. We also investigated possible roles for rumination and distraction in increasing and lessening attentional biases for negative information. We used a fully controlled experimental design to test the effects of both induced and trait rumination and distraction on attention in patients with major depression and healthy controls. Attention was assessed using the dot-probe task. The findings revealed an attentional bias for negative information in depressed patients only at the longer post-conscious exposure duration. Furthermore although this bias was not influenced by either induced or trait distraction, it was related to trait rumination. Overall, the results showed that depression is associated with a strategic attentional bias towards negative information and that this bias is stronger in individuals who habitually ruminate. 相似文献
62.
Dominic Wilkinson 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2009,30(6):401-410
Predictions of poor prognosis for critically ill patients may become self-fulfilling if life-sustaining treatment or resuscitation
is subsequently withheld on the basis of that prediction. This paper outlines the epistemic and normative problems raised
by self-fulfilling prophecies (SFPs) in intensive care. Where predictions affect outcome, it can be extremely difficult to
ascertain the mortality rate for patients if all treatment were provided. SFPs may lead to an increase in mortality for cohorts
of patients predicted to have poor prognosis, they may lead doctors to feel causally responsible for the deaths of their patients,
and they may compromise honest communication with patients and families about prognosis. However, I argue that the self-fulfilling
prophecy is inevitable when life-sustaining treatment is withheld or withdrawn in the face of uncertainty. SFPs do not necessarily
make treatment limitation decisions problematic. To minimize the effects of SFPs, it is essential to carefully collect and
appraise evidence about prognosis. Doctors need to be honest with themselves and with patients and their families about uncertainty
and the limits of knowledge. 相似文献
63.
Mundy ME Honey RC Dwyer DM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2007,33(2):124-138
Human participants received unsupervised exposure to difficult-to-discriminate stimuli (e.g., A and A'), created with a morphing procedure from photographs of faces, before learning a discrimination between them. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that prior exposure enhanced later discrimination and that intermixed exposure (A, A', A, A'...) resulted in better subsequent discrimination than blocked exposure (B, B, ...B', B'...). Experiments 3 and 4 showed that simultaneous exposure to 2 similar stimuli facilitated the later acquisition of both a simultaneous and a successive discrimination, and this effect was observed even though simultaneous exposure to 2 stimuli fostered the development of an excitatory association between them (Experiment 5). The findings of Experiments 1 and 2 revealed a perceptual learning effect with pictures of faces, and the findings of Experiments 3-5 are difficult to reconcile with associative analyses of perceptual learning. 相似文献
64.
Class Size and Student Achievement 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Ronald G. Ehrenberg Dominic J. Brewer Adam Gamoran & J. Douglas Willms 《Psychological Science in the Public Interest》2001,2(1):1-30
Contents:
Introduction, p.1
Quasi-Experimental Studies, p.3
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Studies, p.15
Why Does Class Size Matter? Inferences from Existing Research, p.20
Implications of the Class-Size Findings, p.25
References, p.26
Appendix, p.29 相似文献
Introduction, p.1
Quasi-Experimental Studies, p.3
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Studies, p.15
Why Does Class Size Matter? Inferences from Existing Research, p.20
Implications of the Class-Size Findings, p.25
References, p.26
Appendix, p.29 相似文献
65.
66.
Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome was first described in 1957 but only in 1963 as a distinguishable type of moderate mental retardation. The cause is still unknown although some type of genetic origin is possible. No consistent chromosomal abnormality has been demonstrated, the chromosomal analysis is normal, and cases are generally not considered hereditary. The recurrent risk for siblings is approximately 0.1% but may be as high as 50% for offspring of patients with the syndrome. The Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is not at present detectable before birth and is evenly found in both males and females. The syndrome was thought to be rare but an increase in the number of reported cases each year suggests it is not as rare as estimated. It is thought to occur in about 1 in 300,000 births, and since it has become readily identifiable, more than 400 cases have been reported worldwide. 相似文献
67.
This experiment examines how emotion is perceived by using facial and vocal cues of a speaker. Three levels of facial affect were presented using a computer-generated face. Three levels of vocal affect were obtained by recording the voice of a male amateur actor who spoke a semantically neutral word in different simulated emotional states. These two independent variables were presented to subjects in all possible permutations—visual cues alone, vocal cues alone, and visual and vocal cues together—which gave a total set of 15 stimuli. The subjects were asked to judge the emotion of the stimuli in a two-alternative forced choice task (either HAPPY or ANGRY). The results indicate that subjects evaluate and integrate information from both modalities to perceive emotion. The influence of one modality was greater to the extent that the other was ambiguous (neutral). The fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP) fit the judgments significantly better than an additive model, which weakens theories based on an additive combination of modalities, categorical perception, and influence from only a single modality. 相似文献
68.
69.
We examined whether the orientation of the face influences speech perception in face-to-face communication. Participants identified auditory syllables, visible syllables, and bimodal syllables presented in an expanded factorial design. The syllables were /ba/, /va/, /δa/, or /da/. The auditory syllables were taken from natural speech whereas the visible syllables were produced by computer animation of a realistic talking face. The animated face was presented either as viewed in normal upright orientation or inverted orientation (180° frontal rotation). The central intent of the study was to determine if an inverted view of the face would change the nature of processing bimodal speech or simply influence the information available in visible speech. The results with both the upright and inverted face views were adequately described by the fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP). The observed differences in the FLMP’s parameter values corresponding to the visual information indicate that inverting the view of the face influences the amount of visible information but does not change the nature of the information processing in bimodal speech perception 相似文献
70.