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991.
We present a strategy to dissolve semantic paradoxes which proceeds from an explanation of why paradoxical sentences or their
definitions are semantically defective. This explanation is compatible with the acceptability of impredicative definitions,
self-referential sentences and semantically closed languages and leaves the status of the so-called truth-teller sentence
unaffected. It is based on platitudes which encode innocuous constraints on successful definition and successful expression
of propositional content. We show that the construction of liar paradoxes and of certain versions of Curry’s paradox rests
on presuppositions that violate these innocuous constraints. Other versions of Curry’s paradox are shown not to be paradoxical
at all once their presuppositions are made explicit. Part of what we say rehearses a proposal originally made by Laurence
Goldstein in 1985. Like Goldstein we dispose of certain paradoxes by rejecting some of the premises from which they must be
taken to proceed. However, we disagree with his more recent view that the premises to be rejected are neither true nor false. 相似文献
992.
Although the philosophical literature on the foundations of quantum field theory recognizes the importance of Haag’s theorem,
it does not provide a clear discussion of the meaning of this theorem. The goal of this paper is to make up for this deficit.
In particular, it aims to set out the implications of Haag’s theorem for scattering theory, the interaction picture, the use
of non-Fock representations in describing interacting fields, and the choice among the plethora of the unitarily inequivalent
representations of the canonical commutation relations for free and interacting fields. 相似文献
993.
Mind–body dualism has rarely been an issue in the generative study of mind; Chomsky himself has long claimed it to be incoherent
and unformulable. We first present and defend this negative argument but then suggest that the generative enterprise may license
a rather novel and internalist view of the mind and its place in nature, different from all of, (i) the commonly assumed functionalist
metaphysics of generative linguistics, (ii) physicalism, and (iii) Chomsky’s negative stance. Our argument departs from the
empirical observation that the linguistic mind gives rise to hierarchies of semantic complexity that we argue (only) follow
from constraints of an essentially mathematical kind. We assume that the faculty of language tightly correlates with the mathematical
capacity both formally and in evolution, the latter plausibly arising as an abstraction from the former, as a kind of specialized
output. On this basis, and since the semantic hierarchies in question are mirrored in the syntactic complexity of the expression
involved, we posit the existence of a higher-dimensional syntax structured on the model of the hierarchy of numbers, in order
to explain the semantic facts in question. If so, syntax does not have a physicalist interpretation any more than the hierarchy
of number-theoretic spaces does. 相似文献
994.
University undergraduates were pre-screened for blood fearfulness (fear of blood, n = 25), spider fearfulness (fear of spiders, n = 30), or non-fearfulness (n = 23) and presented with blood, spider, neutral, positive, and pseudoword (pronouncable nonword, like flirp) stimuli in a
lexical decision task (LDT). Use of the LDT in phobic individuals may provide insight about how these individuals process,
store, and ultimately use information and, in turn, how processing this information affects their day-to-day activities. Words
were responded to faster than pseudowords. No group main or interaction effects emerged, and all groups responded faster and
more accurately to spider words then blood words and neutral words. Results suggest that the single-word lexical decision
task may not be sensitive in detecting lexical processing biases toward threat in these groups. Results also suggest that
paradigms that are based on high-level, semantic-conceptual information processing (like lexical decision) are not sensitive
enough to detect group differences in blood and spider phobias. Any array of perceptual and conceptual tasks taken together
may be needed to detect these differences. 相似文献
995.
996.
In order to investigate the nature of the combination of varying levels of vocal and physical attractiveness on the perception
of hypothetical political candidates, 90 adults rated photographs of target politicians on scales for the dimensions of competency,
trustworthiness, qualification, and leadership ability. It was hypothesized and confirmed that the halo effect (higher ratings
for highly attractive targets) elicited by physical attractiveness is stronger and more robust than the halo effect elicited
by vocal attractiveness; however vocal attractiveness did impact the perception of the candidates by lowering the ratings
associated with candidates that were presented as highly attractive but possessing an unattractive voice.
This work was sponsored by the Jean D. Smith Center for Democracy and Citizenship at the New Hampshire Institute of Politics
at Saint Anselm College. We are grateful to Donald Bucolo for helpful comments. 相似文献
997.
998.
This study investigated the effects of a dependent group-oriented contingency on the supportive and non-supportive fair play behaviors of 6th grade students engaged in volleyball games as part of their physical education instruction. Six students, one male and one female per class, from three classes, identified as demonstrating low incidences of supportive behaviors during volleyball games, were participants in this study. A multiple baseline across classes design was used to examine the data. During baseline few incidences of non-supportive behaviors occurred among all six students. However, the participants seldom displayed supportive behaviors during games (i.e., encouraged each other). Following the introduction of the dependent group contingency, supportive behaviors for all participants increased. Follow-up data, collected in an alternative setting, indicated variable maintenance. The results are discussed in the context of group contingencies and social behaviors in sports. 相似文献
999.
In the current research, we took a new approach to examining individual differences in mental imagery that relied on a key distinction regarding visual imagery, namely the distinction between object and spatial imagery, and further examined the ecological validity of this distinction. Object imagers consistently prefer to construct colorful, pictorial, high-resolution images of individual objects and scenes, and spatial imagers prefer to use imagery to schematically represent spatial relations among objects and can efficiently perform complex spatial transformations. To examine the ecological validity of the object versus spatial imager distinction, we examined the object and spatial imagery preferences and skills of groups of professionals.Visual artists, scientists, architects, and humanities professionals completed two types of imagery tests: spatial imagery tests assessing abilities to process spatial relations and perform spatial transformations, and object imagery tests assessing abilities to process literal appearances of objects in terms of color, shape, and brightness. A clear distinction was found between scientists and visual artists: Visual artists showed above average object imagery abilities but below average spatial imagery abilities; whereas, scientists showed above average spatial imagery abilities but below average object imagery abilities. Visual artists tended to be object imagers, and scientists tended to be spatial imagers. Thus, even though both groups use visual imagery extensively in their work, they in fact tended to excel in only one type of imagery.Furthermore, we interviewed the groups of professionals about imagery characteristics and imagery processes that they typically use when work, we had them interpret kinematics graphs and abstract art, and we monitored their eye-movements as they engaged in various perception and imagery tasks. The data revealed various qualitative differences between the professional groups. Both visual artists and scientists reported using imagery in their work. However, visual artists preferred to use object imagery, but scientists preferred to use spatial imagery for their work. Humanities professionals, however, reported less use of imagery. Additionally, visual artists reported that their images were more likely to come as a whole, but scientists reported that their images were generated part-by-part. Visual artist’s images were more persistent, less intentional, and had multiple meanings as compared to scientist’s images. Furthermore, visual artists and scientists interpreted kinematics graphs and abstract art qualitatively differently. Visual artists tended to interpret graphs literally (graphs-as-pictures), but scientists tended to interpret graphs schematically, in abstract way. However, visual artists tended to interpret the abstract art as abstract representations, but scientists tended to interpret abstract art literally, in a concrete way.The finding that professional domain, where work involves extensive use of object or spatial imagery, differentially predicted object and spatial imagery abilities and approaches in processing visual information provides ecological validation of the distinction between object and spatial imagers. Furthermore, these results provide support for the idea of a trade-off between object and spatial imagery abilities (i.e., a person being more effective at using one type of imagery and then tending to use this type of imagery more frequently than and at the expense of the other type of imagery). 相似文献
1000.
Vítor Gamboa Catarina Luzia de Carvalho Joana Soares Suzi Rodrigues Maria do Céu Taveira Ana Daniela Silva 《Journal of Employment Counseling》2024,61(1):59-72
This study describes the validity and reliability evidence of the multidimensional measure of employability (MME) based on the internal structure and relations to career self-efficacy and career success. Two hundred forty seven Portuguese persons (75.7% women) aged from 21–73 years old (M = 39.9, SD = 10.9) participated. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested adequate fit in the correlational and hierarchical models. Measurement reliability was good for total score and each factor. Correlations with the additional measures provided evidence of validity. MME provides a tool for research and career counseling, enabling comprehensive employability assessment and personalized interventions, while recognising the interplay between employability dimensions. 相似文献