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981.
Russo MB Arnett MV Thomas ML Caldwell JA 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2008,8(2):39-41; discussion W4-6
982.
The Character-Component Analysis Toolkit (C-CAT) software was designed to assist researchers in constructing experimental
materials using traditional Chinese characters. The software package contains two sets of character stocks: one suitable for
research using literate adults as subjects and one suitable for research using schoolchildren as subjects. The software can
identify linguistic properties, such as the number of strokes contained, the character-component pronunciation regularity,
and the arrangement of character components within a character. Moreover, it can compute a character’s linguistic frequency,
neighborhood size, and phonetic validity with respect to a user-selected character stock. It can also search the selected
character stock for similar characters or for character components with user-specified linguistic properties. 相似文献
983.
HOW TO PREDICT FUTURE DURATION FROM PRESENT AGE 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The physicist J. Richard Gott has given an argument which, if good, allows one to make accurate predictions for the future longevity of a process, based solely on its present age. We show that there are problems with some of the details of Gott's argument, but we defend the core thesis: in many circumstances, the greater the present age of a process, the more likely a longer future duration. 相似文献
984.
We address the question why fear dominates hope in the life of individuals and collectives on the basis of the accumulated knowledge in the psychology, neurology and sociology of emotions. This knowledge suggests that fear, as primary emotion, is grounded in the experienced present and based on the memorized past, processed both consciously and unconsciously, causes freezing and conservatism, and sometimes leads to pre‐emptive aggression. Hope, in contrast, as a secondary emotion, involves cognitive activity, which requires anticipation and the search for new ideas and thus is based on complex processes of creativity and flexibility. Therefore, hope is often preceded and inhibited by spontaneous, automatically activated and faster fear. Fear and hope can each become a collective emotional orientation, and as such organize society's views and direct its actions. Societies involved in intractable conflict are dominated by a collective fear orientation. This orientation is functional for society's coping with the stressful and demanding situation—but it may serve as a psychological obstacle to any peace process, once it starts. The case of the collective fear orientation in the Jewish Israeli society is presented as an example. The article ends with a presentation of a particular approach, suggesting that individuals and collectives can overcome their fear with much determination, and establish an orientation of hope which allows change in situations dominated by fear. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
985.
Patrícia Arriaga Francisco Esteves Paula Carneiro Maria Benedicta Monteiro 《Aggressive behavior》2006,32(2):146-158
An experimental study was conducted to investigate the impact of violent computer games on state hostility, state anxiety and arousal. Participants were undergraduate students, aged from 18 to 25 years. Before the experimental sessions, participants filled in self‐report measures concerning their video game habits and were also pre‐tested for aggressiveness and trait anxiety. Physiological responses (heart rate and skin conductance) were measured during the experiment. After playing, information about state hostility and state anxiety was collected. The results showed that participants who played the violent game reported significantly higher state hostility, and support the assumption that an aggressive personality moderates the effect of playing a violent game on state hostility. Aggr. Behav. 32:146–158. 2006 © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
986.
Patrícia Arriaga Francisco Esteves Paula Carneiro Maria Benedicta Monteiro 《Aggressive behavior》2006,32(4):358-371
An experimental study was conducted to investigate the impact of violent computer games on state hostility, state anxiety and arousal. Participants were undergraduate students, aged from 18 to 25 years old. Before the experimental sessions, participants filled in self‐report measures concerning their video game habits and were also pre‐tested for aggressiveness and trait anxiety. Physiological responses (heart rate and skin conductance) were measured during the experiment. After playing, information about state hostility and state anxiety was collected. The results showed that participants who played the violent game reported significantly higher state hostility and support the assumption that an aggressive personality moderates the effect of playing a violent game on state hostility. Aggr. Behav. 32:358–371. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
987.
988.
The standard way of representing an epistemic state in formal philosophy is in terms of a set of sentences, corresponding to the agent’s beliefs, and an ordering of those sentences, reflecting how well entrenched they are in the agent’s epistemic state. We argue that this wide-spread representational view – a view that we identify as a “Quinean dogma” – is incapable of making certain crucial distinctions. We propose, as a remedy, that any adequate representation of epistemic states must also include the agent’s research agenda, i.e., the list of question that are open or closed at any given point in time. If the argument of the paper is sound, a person’s questions and practical interests, on the one hand, and her beliefs and theoretical values, on the other, are more tightly interwoven than has previously been assumed to be the case in formal epistemology. 相似文献
989.
We present a strategy to dissolve semantic paradoxes which proceeds from an explanation of why paradoxical sentences or their
definitions are semantically defective. This explanation is compatible with the acceptability of impredicative definitions,
self-referential sentences and semantically closed languages and leaves the status of the so-called truth-teller sentence
unaffected. It is based on platitudes which encode innocuous constraints on successful definition and successful expression
of propositional content. We show that the construction of liar paradoxes and of certain versions of Curry’s paradox rests
on presuppositions that violate these innocuous constraints. Other versions of Curry’s paradox are shown not to be paradoxical
at all once their presuppositions are made explicit. Part of what we say rehearses a proposal originally made by Laurence
Goldstein in 1985. Like Goldstein we dispose of certain paradoxes by rejecting some of the premises from which they must be
taken to proceed. However, we disagree with his more recent view that the premises to be rejected are neither true nor false. 相似文献
990.
Although the philosophical literature on the foundations of quantum field theory recognizes the importance of Haag’s theorem,
it does not provide a clear discussion of the meaning of this theorem. The goal of this paper is to make up for this deficit.
In particular, it aims to set out the implications of Haag’s theorem for scattering theory, the interaction picture, the use
of non-Fock representations in describing interacting fields, and the choice among the plethora of the unitarily inequivalent
representations of the canonical commutation relations for free and interacting fields. 相似文献