Psychometric Properties of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory, the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents, the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, and the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale in an Adolescent Spanish-Speaking Sample

The relationship among several social anxiety measures and a semistructured interview in an adolescent Spanish-speaking sample is examined. Construct validity and test-retest reliability were tested. A principal axis factor analysis was also explored. Results revealed good construct validity and alpha coefficients for the assessment instruments such as the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI), the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A), the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNES) and the Social Avoidance Distress Scale (SADS). Among these, data strongly support the validity of the Social Phobia and Difference measures of the SPAI and Total SAS-A score as assessment measures in the adolescent population even in non-American cultures and languages. Furthermore, results appear to support the presence of a single higher-order dimension, social anxiety, as measured by the instruments used in this study.     

Judicial Decision-Making in Family Law Proceedings

Judicial Family Law proceedings are peculiar; a large number of cases are never closed, until the children reach adulthood. We selected three variables to test whether they can explain the credibility of each party and agent in the proceedings: guiding principle that orients the court's decision, confirmation of maternal manipulation in the psycho-social report, and establishing credibility of the child's testimony. An incidental sample of 169 people was used. The three manipulated variables imply very different levels of credibility for each party to the proceedings. Finally, proposed modifications to court proceedings are suggested to ensure adequate protection of children.     

How Judgments Change Following Comparison of Current and Prior Information

Although much observed judgment change is superficial and occurs without considering prior information, other forms of change also occur. Comparison between prior and new information about an issue may trigger change by influencing either or both the perceived strength and direction of the new information. In four experiments, participants formed and reported initial judgments of a policy based on favorable written information about it. Later, these participants read a second passage containing strong favorable or unfavorable information on the policy. Compared to control conditions, subtle and direct prompts to compare the initial and new information led to more judgment change in the direction of a second passage perceived to be strong. Mediation analyses indicated that comparison yielded greater perceived strength of the second passage, which in turn correlated positively with judgment change. Moreover, self-reports of comparison mediated the judgment change resulting from comparison prompts.     

Personalidad y Prediccion

RESUMEN

La autora comienza explicando que el conflicto entre psicólogos de la personalidad respecto a la permanencia o cambio -identificados respectivamente con individuo y situación- no tendría porqué haber sido así, puesto que las personas cambian y algunas situaciones permanecen. Coincide con Bem y Allen en que hay más consistencia de la que los teóricos situacionales han señalado y en que el conflicto consistencia-variabilidad es una falsa dicotomía, que ellos sitúan entre enfoques nomotéticos e idiográficos en vez de entre individuo y situación. Se resalta del trabajo de Bem y Allen que ofrece soluciones y abre nuevas vías de investigación. Respecto al de Ben y Funder, destaca la posibilidad de clasificar situaciones indicando las conductas que tienden a elicitar en diferentes individuos-tipo. La viabilidad de este enfoque se pone a prueba en tres situaciones experimentales diferentes, de las cuales la autora comenta la primera -en la que se estudia el comportamiento de niños en situación de demora en la gratificación- con relación a sus propios trabajos. Finalmente, se aportan algunas reflexiones en torno a las limitaciones de la disciplina psicológica para predecir exactamente la conducta humana.     

Diferencias individuales en autocontrol dentro del paradigma de tolerancia a la estimulación aversiva

Resumen

En esta investigación se evaluó el papel que juegan las diferencias individuales en una situación de tolerancia a la estimulación aversiva. Ochenta sujetos divididos en alto-autocontroladores y bajo-autocontroladores, según la puntuación obtenida en la Escala de Autocontrol de Rosenbaum, fueron sometidos a una prueba de presión por frío. Los objetivos fundamentales del estudio fueron: (1) comprobar si sujetos altos y bajos en autocontrol presentan diferencias al enfrentarse al cold-pressor en tolerancia y malestar percibido; (2) comprobar el tipo de estrategias que utilizan los sujetos altos y bajos para enfrentarse a la estimulación aversiva, y su eficacia; (3) comprobar si la utilización de una estrategia distractiva-agradable o de una estrategia que resalta la propia competencia del sujeto frente a la situación aversiva afecta diferencialmente a los sujetos altos y bajos en autocontrol en las medidas de tolerancia del sujeto frente a la situación aversiva afecta diferencialmente a los sujetos altos y bajos en autocontrol en las medidas de tolerancia y malestar percibido. Los resultados de los análisis de covarianza realizados no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los sujetos altos y bajos en autocontrol en el tiempo de tolerancia al agua helada, ni en el malestar percibido durante la prueba, aunque en esta última variable se encontró una interacción significativa entre grupos experimentales y niveles de autocontrol. Se discuten estos resultados.     

Entrevista Con H. F. Kanfer

RESUMEN

Esta entrevista comienza con el repaso de las diferencias entre el modelo original de autorregulación y el que presenta F. H. Kanfer en sus trabajos más recientes considerando, entre otras, las aportaciones de la teoría motivacional de Klinger a este último. Seguidamente el autor se centra en la dificultad de manejar el concepto de personalidad, expresando su poca confianza en que se descubra un pequeño número de variables de personalidad que permitan hacer predicciones amplias sobre conductas individuales. En la entrevista se tratan, además, cuestiones tales como la contribución de Cronbach (1975) respecto a los efectos temporales y contextuales, las relaciones entre la investigación sobre procesos cognitivos y su aplicación en la práctica clínica o los problemas de generalización en la terapia. También se explican las ventajas de los modelos mediacionales como el de autorregulación respecto a otros que no lo son, la utilidad del concepto de autorrefuerzo o la valoración de los estudios analógicos del autocontrol. En la última parte de la entrevista se clarifican las relaciones entre psicología comunitaria y psicología clínica, finalizando con algunas reflexiones en torno a los objetivos y contenidos de esta última.     

Processing of “unattended” threat-related information: Role of emotional content and context

Unpleasant, pleasant, or neutral visual scenes served as a context for the presentation of threat-related, positive, and neutral words. On each trial, 2 simultaneous prime words (one foveal, i.e., at fixation, and one parafoveal, i.e., 2.2° apart) appeared for 150 ms, followed by a foveally presented probe word in a lexical decision task. Results showed facilitation in response times for probe threat words when primed by an identical parafoveal word, in comparison with priming by an unrelated parafoveal word, and this effect was enhanced in an emotionally congruent unpleasant context. In contrast, no parafoveal effect appeared for positive words, even in a pleasant context. This reveals parallel processing of threat-related words outside the focus of attention.     

Informed Consent: An Ethical Issue in Conducting Research with Male Partner Violent Offenders

Ethical codes help guide the methods of research that involves samples gathered from “at-risk” populations. The current article reviews general as well as specific ethical principles related to gathering informed consent from partner violent offenders mandated to outpatient treatment, a group that may be at increased risk of unintentional coercion in behavioral sciences research due to court mandates that require outpatient treatment without the ethical protections imbued upon prison populations. Recommendations are advanced to improve the process of informed consent within this special population and data supporting the utility of the recommendations in a sample 70 partner violent offenders are provided. Data demonstrate that participants were capable of comprehending all essential elements of consent.     

Language use depending on news frame and immigrant origin

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the media on individuals’ specific language use in relation to a news story on immigration: the influence of the news frame and group cue. Abstraction, complexity of language use, and negative affective language were evaluated. The 523 participants were randomly distributed to each of the four experimental conditions: news frame (crime versus economic contribution) by group cue (geographical origin of the immigrants involved: Moroccans versus Latin Americans). Through content analysis of the ideas and reflections that arose after the participants read the different news stories, using the Linguistic Category Model (LCM; Semin & Fiedler, 1991) to measure abstract language and the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC; Pennebaker, Booth, & Francis, 2007) to analyze complex language and negative affective language, it emerged that abstract language and negative affective language were more frequent in the participants assigned to the news frame on crime. Complex language was more commonly used when the news frame referred to the economic contribution of immigrants. Regression analyses showed the mediating role of attitude to immigration in the effects of news frame on negative affective language. The bootstrap method was used to assess the magnitude of the indirect effect. A significant mediator effect was also found through structural equation modeling. Analyses of covariance showed one interaction between news frame and group cue: Among those who read the news story in a frame linking immigration to crime and Moroccan origin, abstract language was more characteristic. The results are discussed from the theoretical perspective of framing.