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91.
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Hearing by eye 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Recent work on integration of auditory and visual information during speech perception has indicated that adults are surprisingly good at, and rely extensively on, lip reading. The conceptual status of lip read information is of interest: such information is at the same time both visual and phonological. Three experiments investigated the nature of short term coding of lip read information in hearing subjects. The first experiment used asynchronous visual and auditory information and showed that a subject's ability to repeat words, when heard speech lagged lip movements, was unaffected by the lag duration, both quantitatively and qualitatively. This suggests that lip read information is immediately recoded into a durable code. An experiment on serial recall of lip read items showed a serial position curve containing a recency effect (characteristic of auditory but not visual input). It was then shown that an auditory suffix diminishes the recency effect obtained with lip read stimuli. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that seen speech, that is not heard, is encoded into a durable code which has some shared properties with heard speech. The results of the serial recall experiments are inconsistent with interpretations of the recency and suffix effects in terms of precategorical acoustic storage, for they demonstrate that recency and suffix effects can be supra-modal. 相似文献
94.
Barbara Dodd 《Cognitive psychology》1979,11(4):478-484
Twelve 10- to 16-week-old infants were presented with nursery rhymes spoken with speech sounds and lip movements in-synchrony and out-of-synchrony by 400 msec. Two observers measured the amount of time the infants did not attend to the two types of stimuli. The results showed that the infants attended significantly less to the out-of-synchrony presentation than to the in-synchrony presentation. This finding was interpreted as an indication that young infants are aware of the congruence between lip movements and speech sounds. 相似文献
95.
Stuart Carter Dodd 《Psychometrika》1956,21(2):191-205
The growth of a population of knowers of a message was studied to test a human interactance hypothesis. The conditions investigated involvedpeople interacting in time, with the population pairing off randomly (i.e., determined by many, small, different influences) and transferring an attribute (i.e., an all-or-none act) at either a steady rate or a waning rate, subsequent to the originating stimulus. The mathematical expressions for these pre-conditions were the differential equations for the linear logistic for steady acting and the harmonic logistic for waning acting. Variant forms of these curves were developed. Two exploratory experiments, or pretests, comprised launching a coffee slogan in a town and imitating a badge wearer in a boys' camp. Since the activity rate waned harmonically in both cases, the harmonic logistic fit best in both the town and the camp as expected by the hypothesis.A paper read before Section K sponsored by the Committee on Social Physics of the AAAS Conference in Boston, December 30, 1953. This research was supported in part by the United States Air Force under Contract AF 33(038)-27522, monitored by the Human Resources Research Institute (now, Officer Education Research Laboratory, Air Force Personnel and Training Research Center), Air Research and Development Command, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. Permission is granted for reproduction, translation, publication and distribution in part and in whole by or for the United States Government. 相似文献
96.
Maital Neta Tien T. Tong Monica L. Rosen Alex Enersen M. Justin Kim Michael D. Dodd 《Cognition & emotion》2017,31(4):772-780
Surprised expressions are interpreted as negative by some people, and as positive by others. When compared to fearful expressions, which are consistently rated as negative, surprise and fear share similar morphological structures (e.g. widened eyes), but these similarities are primarily in the upper part of the face (eyes). We hypothesised, then, that individuals would be more likely to interpret surprise positively when fixating faster to the lower part of the face (mouth). Participants rated surprised and fearful faces as either positive or negative while eye movements were recorded. Positive ratings of surprise were associated with longer fixation on the mouth than negative ratings. There were also individual differences in fixation patterns, with individuals who fixated the mouth earlier exhibiting increased positive ratings. These findings suggest that there are meaningful individual differences in how people process faces. 相似文献
97.
Julian Dodd 《Synthese》2007,156(2):383-401
This paper argues that a consideration of the problem of providing truthmakers for negative truths undermines truthmaker theory.
Truthmaker theorists are presented with an uncomfortable dilemma. Either they must take up the challenge of providing truthmakers
for negative truths, or else they must explain why negative truths are exceptions to the principle that every truth must have
a truthmaker. The first horn is unattractive since the prospects of providing truthmakers for negative truths do not look
good neither absences, nor totality states of affairs, nor Graham Priest and J.C. Beall’s ‘polarities’ (Beall, 2000; Priest,
2000) are up to the job. The second horn, meanwhile, is problematic because restricting the truthmaker principle to atomic
truths, or weakening it to the thesis that truth supervenes on being, undercuts truthmaker theory’s original motivation. The
paper ends by arguing that truthmaker theory is, in any case, an under-motivated doctrine because the groundedness of truth can be explained without appeal to the truthmaker principle. This leaves us free to give the ommonsensical and deflationary
explanation of negative truths that common-sense suggests. 相似文献
98.
Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to the finding that targets appearing at previously cued locations are more slowly responded to than targets appearing at previously uncued locations when a relatively long temporal interval occurs between the cue and target. This experiment was conducted to determine whether the magnitude of IOR is influenced by the type of preceding trial (cued or uncued) and/or the location of the cue/target on the previous trial. Although no effect of cue/target location is observed, there was a marked effect of previous trial type, as IOR was greater following an uncued trial relative to a cued trial. This effect was attributable to differences in the response time as a function of previous trial type: specifically, participants were faster to respond to cued and uncued trials when the previous trial type was identical. 相似文献
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