List of publications: Husserliana (also translations) and Phaenomenologica

List of publications: Husserliana (also translations) and Phaenomenologica     

Guidelines are not enough: The need for written sentencing opinions

Guideline sentencing systems, including the new federal guidelines, have not settled on a clear conception of when and how a trial judge should explain sentences. Indeterminate sentencing systems did not have a tradition of written sentencing decisions and recent sentencing reforms do not focus on the trial judge's role. This article suggests the many advantages of written sentencing opinions. Initial experience under the federal sentencing guidelines bolsters the conclusion that written sentencing opinions in appropriate cases—including both sentences “within” guidelines and guideline “departures”—are the next step in the evolving law of sentencing and the best way to recognize trial judges as an essential engine of principled change.     

主观轮廓与明度对比的实验研究

本实验以被试的反应时为指标,用速示器呈现实验刺激,通过系统改变诱导区域的面积和反射率对主观轮廓知觉进行了研究。实验结果表明:随着主观轮廓图形诱导面积的减小和诱导部分反射率的增加,明度对比减弱,被试的反应时增加,并且各反应时之间存在显著差异。这表明诱导部分的面积和反射率都以明度对比为中介引起了主观轮廓知觉的系统改变。这说明视觉系统中侧抑制引起的明度对比在主观轮廓知觉中起重要作用。     

人对红绿光栅的颜色视觉对比感受性

实验使用电子计算机控制彩色图象显示器的屏幕来呈现视觉目标彩色光栅,以对人的颜色视觉进行对比感受性的测定。被试可以通过终端键盘改变光栅的各种变量并进行反应,计算机对结果进行记录和处理。实验Ⅰ是对比感受性作为红-绿光栅和绿色单色光栅的空间频率的函数的测定。结果表明,在所有空间频率上,被试对绿色光栅的对比感受性都比对红-绿光栅要高。但随着空间频率的升高,对两种光栅的对比感受性也相应升高,并都在中间空间频率带达到高峰值。实验Ⅱ是对颜色视觉对比感受性作为红-绿亮度比率的函数的测定。结果表明,空间频率和红色在光栅中的比率对对比感受性都有重要的影响。本实验结果具有明显的实际应用价值。     

工作负载的测量和评定

长期处于应激状态而又适应不良者可导致疾病。人类经常遇到的心理、社会性应激源除了生活事件以外,长期工作负载过重也是其中之一。本文通过对24名在监护病房工作的护士的工作负载的测量介绍了在西方国家常用的工作负载的测量和评定方法。     

On the limits of the matching concept in monkeys (Cebus apella).

Two cebus monkeys, with many years of experience matching a variety of static visual stimuli (forms and colors) within a standard matching-to-sample paradigm, were trained to press a left lever when a pair of displayed static stimuli were the same and to press a right lever when they were different. After learning the same/different task, the monkeys were tested for transfer to dynamic visual stimuli (flashing versus steady green disks), with which they had no previous experience. Both failed to transfer to the dynamic stimuli. A third monkey, also with massive past experience matching static visual stimuli, was tested for transfer to the dynamic stimuli within our standard matching paradigm, and it, too, failed. All 3 subjects were unable to reach a moderate acquisition criterion despite as many as 52 sessions of training with the dynamic stimuli. These results provide further evidence that, in monkeys, the matching (or identity) concept has a very limited reach; they consequently do not support the view held by some theorists that an abstract matching concept based on physical similarity is a general endowment of animals.