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341.
Jian XQ Wang KS Wu TJ Hillhouse JJ Mullersman JE 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(6):773-782
Twin and family studies have shown that genetic factors play a role in the development of conduct disorder (CD). The purpose
of this study was to identify genetic variants associated with CD using a family-based association study. We used 4,720 single
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the Illumina Panel and 11,120 SNPs from the Affymetrix 10K GeneChips genotyped in 155
Caucasian nuclear families from Genetic Analysis Workshop (GAW) 14, a subset from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics
of Alcoholism (COGA). 20 SNPs had suggestive associations with CD (p < 10−3), nine of which were located in known genes, including ADAM10 (rs383902, p = 0.00036) and CAMK2A (rs2053053, p = 0.00098). Our results were verified using the International Multi-Center ADHD Genetics Project (IMAGE) dataset. In conclusion,
we identified several loci associated with CD. Especially, the two genes (ADAM10 and CAMK2A) have been reported to be associated with Alzheimer’s disease, bipolar disorder and depression. These findings may serve
as a resource for replication in other populations. 相似文献
342.
This study examined whether children’s biased self-perceptions of peer acceptance are associated in a linear or curvilinear
fashion with aggression, whether associations are moderated by peer rejection status, and whether associations apply uniquely
to reactive aggression. Children in the 4th through 7th grades completed a self-report measure on their social functioning
(SPPC; Harter 1982), and teachers reported on children’s social functioning and aggression. Self-perceptual bias was operationalized
as the standardized residual difference between children’s self-perceptions and their teachers’ perceptions of their peer
acceptance. Rejected status moderated associations between biased self-perceptions and reactive aggression. Among non-rejected
children, biased perceptions were not significantly associated with reactive aggression. In contrast, among peer-rejected
children, reactive aggression was elevated in those who greatly underestimated as well as in those who even modestly overestimated
their peer acceptance. This pattern was observed whether or not proactive aggression was statistically controlled. In contrast,
biased self-perceptions were not associated with proactive aggression for rejected or nonrejected children. Implications are
discussed with regard to future research and potential interventions for aggressive children. 相似文献
343.
Evidence suggests that parental marital discord contributes to the development of internalizing and externalizing symptoms
in children and adolescents. Few studies, however, have examined the association between parental marital discord and youth’s
response to treatment. The present study examined the impact of interparental discord on treatment response in a randomized
control trial of adolescents with major depression enrolled in the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS).
Participants were 260 adolescents from two-parent households randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: fluoxetine
(FLX), cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), their combination (COMB), or placebo (PBO). Logistic regressions revealed that parental
marital discord interacted with youth gender and co-morbid oppositionality symptoms to predict group differences in treatment
response. 相似文献
344.
Gerstein ED Pedersen Y Arbona A Crnic KA Ryu E Baker BL Blacher J 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(3):351-364
Children with early developmental delays are at heightened risk for behavior problems and comorbid psychopathology. This study
examined the trajectories of regulatory capabilities and their potentially mediating role in the development of behavior problems
for children with and without early developmental delays. A sample of 231 children comprised of 137 typically developing children
and 94 children with developmental delays were examined during mildly frustrating laboratory tasks across the preschool period
(ages 3–5). Results indicated that children with delays had greater use of maladaptive strategies (distraction, distress venting)
and lower use of adaptive strategies (constructive coping) than typically developing children. For both groups, strategies
had similar rates of growth across time; maladaptive strategies decreased and adaptive strategies increased. The intercept
of strategy use, but not the slope, was found to mediate the relation between developmental risk and externalizing behaviors.
Findings support that dysregulation, rather than the developmental risk, may be responsible for the high levels of comorbid
psychopathology. 相似文献
345.
In light of recent research highlighting the potential effects of children’s behavior on mothers’ mental health, the current
study examined 679 mothers and their adolescent children from a community-based sample to determine the effects of youth psychopathology
on maternal depression and levels of child-related stress in mothers’ lives. It was hypothesized that the number of past clinical
diagnoses in 15-year-old adolescents would predict the presence of maternal depression at youth age 15 and 5 years later,
as well as more episodes of maternal depression during the follow-up period. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that increased
levels of child-related stress in mothers’ lives would mediate these relationships. Regression analyses indicated that past
youth diagnoses do confer risk for the presence of current and future maternal depression, as well as more episodes of maternal
depression, and mediation analyses revealed that child-related acute and chronic stress were mediators of the relationship
between youth diagnoses and the presence of maternal depression at follow-up. Findings suggest that increased levels of child-related
objective stress in mothers’ lives are one mechanism by which children’s psychopathology affects mothers’ future risk for
depression. 相似文献
346.
The present study assessed preferential attentional processing of animal fear-relevant stimuli in two procedures, Search and
Interference tasks, which have been suggested to reflect on attentional capture due to the fear-relevance of the stimuli presented.
In the Search task, participants (N = 154) searched fear-relevant (i.e., snakes and spiders) and non fear-relevant (i.e.,
fish and birds) backgrounds to determine the presence or absence of a deviant animal from the opposite category. In the Interference
task, the same participants searched for the presence or absence of a neutral target (a cat) when either a snake, spider or
no distracter were embedded amongst backgrounds of other animal stimuli. Replicating previous findings, preferential attentional
processing of animal fear-relevant stimuli was evident in both procedures and participants who specifically feared one animal
but not the other showed enhanced preferential processing of their feared fear-relevant animal. However, across the entire
sample, there was no relationship between self-reported levels of animal fear and preferential processing which may reflect
on the fact that substantial preferential attentional processing of fear-relevant animals was evident in the entire sample.
Also, preferential attentional processing as assessed in the two tasks was not related. Delayed disengagement from fear-relevant
stimuli appeared to underlie performance in the search task but not in the interference task. 相似文献
347.
Considering the phenomenology of flow experience reflects attentional processes, Nakamura and Csikszentmihalyi (Handbook of
positive psychology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002) classified the components of flow experience into proximal conditions and the characteristics of a subjective state while
being in flow. The present study was conducted to clarify the concept of flow through examination of the interrelationships
among the components from a process-related perspective. A total of 1,048 participants completed the Japanese versions of
the Flow State Scale-2 (Kawabata et al. in Psychol Sport Exerc 9:465–485, 2008), and based on their scores, 591 respondents were considered to be in a flow state during their physical activity. A proposed
higher-order confirmatory factor model and a full structural equation model were tested for the flow respondents. The results
of the higher-order model indicated that the 9 flow factors were empirically classified into the flow state and its proximal
condition. Furthermore, the outcomes of the full structural model preliminarily supported the hypothesized sequential relationships
among flow factors. 相似文献
348.
Anton Gollwitzer Gabriele Oettingen Teri A. Kirby Angela L. Duckworth Doris Mayer 《Motivation and emotion》2011,35(4):403-412
Two brief intervention studies tested whether teaching students to mentally contrast a desired future with its present reality
resulted in better academic performance than teaching students to only think about the desired future. German elementary school
children (N = 49; Study 1) and US middle school children (N = 63; Study 2) from low-income neighborhoods who were taught mental contrasting achieved comparatively higher scores in learning
foreign language vocabulary words after 2 weeks or 4 days, respectively. Results have implications for research on the self-regulation
of commitment to solve assigned tasks in classroom settings, and for increasing academic performance in school children in
low-income areas. 相似文献
349.
The present study used ERPs to compare processing of fear-relevant (FR) animals (snakes and spiders) and non-fear-relevant
(NFR) animals similar in appearance (worms and beetles). EEG was recorded from 18 undergraduate participants (10 females)
as they completed two animal-viewing tasks that required simple categorization decisions. Participants were divided on a post
hoc basis into low snake/spider fear and high snake/spider fear groups. Overall, FR animals were rated higher on fear and
elicited a larger LPC. However, individual differences qualified these effects. Participants in the low fear group showed
clear differentiation between FR and NFR animals on subjective ratings of fear and LPC modulation. In contrast, participants
in the high fear group did not show such differentiation between FR and NFR animals. These findings suggest that the salience
of feared-FR animals may generalize on both a behavioural and electro-cortical level to other animals of similar appearance
but of a non-harmful nature. 相似文献
350.
Jill Hargis 《Human Studies》2011,34(4):373-392
This paper argues that the dichotomy between individuals, as bearers of unique and freely chosen identities, and the masses,
as the large numbers of others who are conforming and uncritical, should be understood as a constructed dichotomy. This dichotomy
is both supported and dismantled in the works of Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, and Michel Foucault. Each of these
thinkers reinforced the idea that there exist conforming and threatening masses from which individuals should separate themselves.
And yet by theorizing the limitations and contextual nature of individual identity, they have also provided the foundations
for revealing the dichotomy as illusory as well as problematic for reasoned thought and politics. The significance of this
argument is that the fear of sameness and conformity within modern mass society creates a serious obstacle to broad based
and democratic political engagement among people. 相似文献