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91.
92.
Weng Hong Tang 《Philosophical Studies》2018,175(8):1887-1900
It’s often thought that the phenomenon of risk aggregation poses a problem for multi-premise closure but not for single-premise closure (either with respect to knowledge or with respect to justified belief). But recently, Lasonen-Aarnio and Schechter have challenged this thought. Lasonen-Aarnio argues that, insofar as risk aggregation poses a problem for multi-premise closure, it poses a similar problem for single-premise closure. For she thinks that, there being such a thing as deductive risk, risk may aggregate over a single premise and the deduction itself. Schechter argues that single-premise closure succumbs to risk aggregation outright. For he thinks that there could be a long sequence of competent single-premise deductions such that, even though we are justified in believing the initial premise of the sequence, intutively, we are not justified in believing the final conclusion. This intuition, Schechter thinks, vitiates single-premise closure. In this paper, I defend single-premise closure against the arguments offered by Lasonen-Aarnio and Schechter. 相似文献
93.
We investigated the implicit learning of a linguistically relevant variable (animacy) in a natural language context (namely, the relation of forms of determiners to semantics). Trial by trial subjective measures indicated that exposure to a form–animacy regularity led to unconscious knowledge of that regularity. Under the same conditions, people did not learn about another form–meaning regularity when a linguistically arbitrary variable was used instead of animacy (size relative to a dog). Implicit learning is constrained to acquire unconscious knowledge about features with high prior probabilities of being relevant in that domain. 相似文献
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96.
Refeng Tang 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2011,6(3):426-442
Ryle’s distinction between knowing that and knowing how has recently been challenged. The paper first briefly defends the
distinction and then proceeds to address the question of classifying moral knowledge. Moral knowledge is special in that it
is practical, that is, it is essentially a motive. Hence the way we understand moral knowledge crucially depends on the way
we understand motivation. The Humean theory of motivation is wrong in saying that reason cannot be a motive, but right in
saying that desire is essential for motivating us. The right response to the Humean theory of motivation is to see that moral
knowledge is desire-related rationality or thought-related desire. Moral knowledge is neither knowing that nor knowing how
but rather a third species of knowledge which we may call “knowing to do.” Knowing to do is to be rationally disposed to do
the right thing. This understanding of moral knowledge is exactly what we can learn from Aristotle’s ethics. 相似文献
97.
Nanotechnology is the new(est) star in the high technologies sky. While nanotechnologies remain technologies of promise and
potential, a growing number of nano-materials and nano-particle-reliant products are being produced. And although a growing
number of academic, policy and industry reports are exploring nanotechnologies, there are very few genuine ethical assessments
of nanotechnologies as they exist and might evolve in the coming years. Many questions have yet to be answered about the nature,
development, and social and commercial deployment of nanotechnologies and what that means for the human condition and the
preservation of our core values. We argue that the early and potentially risky nature of this interdisciplinary science does
not justify a blinkered focus on risk assessment and management to the detriment of deep and ranging ethical evaluations.
Much improved ethics evaluations must be undertaken, particularly in Taiwan where very little has happened despite grand expectations
for, and funding of, the science. In this paper, we uncover the development imperatives for nanotechnologies, demonstrate
the paucity of genuine nanoethics exercises, outline key questions for stakeholders undertaking nanoethics exercises to consider,
and we articulate some preliminary actions for Taiwan (and other similarly situated jurisdictions). 相似文献
98.
This study explores whether and how gratifications and psychological traits impact people's Facebook use. First, a factor analysis of an online survey (N= 437) outlined a unique set of gratifications obtained from the use of Facebook. Six aspects of gratifications (i.e., social surveillance, entertainment, recognition, emotional support, network extension, and maintenance) were identified. Results from regression analyses showed that psychological traits (i.e., collective self-esteem, online emotional openness, and traitlike communication apprehension) were strong predictors of most Facebook gratifications. Additionally, gratifications and, to a lesser extent, psychological traits significantly predicted Facebook usage, both in perceived importance and different indicators in the level of Facebook use. 相似文献
99.
目的:调查并探讨大学生自我同一性状态发展特点。方法:从湖南某大学随机抽取320名大学生,采用王树青等人修订的EOM-EIS-II量表作为测量青少年自我同一性的工具。结果:(1)大学生自我同一性的性别、独生和非独生、城乡的差异比较结果显示,不同性别、独生非独生大学生在自我同一性的一些维度上存在显著差异,而来自城市和来自农村的大学生之间不存在差异;(2)不同年级大学生的同一性状态得分的方差分析结果显示,不同年级大学生在总体获得、总体延缓、总体早闭、意识早闭、人际早闭、人际延缓和人际获得7个维度上差异显著。结论:大学生自我同一性的发展存在一定的不平衡性。 相似文献
100.
Hibbard S Tang PC Latko R Park JH Munn S Bolz S Somerville A 《Journal of personality assessment》2000,75(3):351-372
Thematic Apperception Test (Murray, 1943) responses of 69 Asian American (hereafter, Asian) and 83 White students were coded for defenses according to the Defense Mechanism Manual (Cramer, 1991b) and studied for differential validity in predicting paper-and-pencil measures of relevant constructs. Three tests for differential validity were used: (a) differences between validity coefficients, (b) interactions between predictor and ethnicity in criterion prediction, and (c) differences between groups in mean prediction errors using a common regression equation. Modest differential validity was found. It was surprising that the DMM scales were slightly stronger predictors of their criteria among Asians than among Whites and when a common predictor was used, desirable criteria were overpredicted for Asians, whereas undesirable ones were overpredicted for Whites. The results were not affected by acculturation level or English vocabulary among the Asians. 相似文献