阅读障碍儿童识字特点研究

通过作业分析方法,定量分析了小学二至五年级阅读障碍儿童的错别字类型,定性分析了其易错或易忘字的类型特点.初步探讨了阅读障碍儿童识记汉字的方法,从而推导障碍原因.研究结果表明:(1)汉语阅读困难儿童的错别字分五类,以形似错误为主.(2)随年级增高,形似错误的比例增加.依此结果可以推论:汉语阅读障碍儿童的识字方式是以图形式记忆为主的,未建立有效且强的形-义联结,其心理词典的词条数目少且精确性较差.     

Prefer feeling bad? Subcultural differences in emotional preferences between Han Chinese and Mongolian Chinese

As a multi‐ethnic country that is comprised of diverse cultural systems, there has been little research on the subcultural differences in emotional preferences in China. Also, little attention has been paid to examine how explicit and implicit attitudes towards emotions influence emotional preferences interactively. In this study, we manipulated explicit attitudes towards emotions among Han (N = 62) and Mongolian Chinese individuals (N = 70). We assessed participants' implicit attitudes towards emotions to explore their contributions to emotional preferences. (a) Han Chinese had lower preferences for pleasant emotions than Mongolian Chinese after inducing contra‐hedonic attitudes towards emotions, and (b) after priming contra‐hedonic attitudes towards emotions, the more Han Chinese participants evaluated pleasant emotions as negative implicitly, the less they preferred to engage in pleasant emotional activities. These findings contribute to the growing literature of subcultural differences and demonstrate that explicit and implicit attitudes towards emotions interactively influence individuals' emotional preferences between different subculture groups.     

State mindfulness,rumination, and emotions in daily life: An ambulatory assessment study

While the majority of studies have focused on dispositional mindfulness and the efficacy of mindfulness meditation, there has been limited study exploring the effect of state mindfulness on emotions and its potential mechanism. Therefore, we conducted an ambulatory assessment study to monitor state mindfulness and emotions in daily life and examine the mediating effect of rumination in a natural context. One hundred Chinese university students rated their state mindfulness, rumination, and emotions (e.g., anxiety, depression, happiness) five times per day for a week. Using hierarchical linear models, we and found that at the within‐person level, higher current state mindfulness was associated with more subsequent positive emotions and less subsequent negative emotions. Current rumination partially mediated the relation between current state mindfulness and subsequent positive emotions (happiness, relaxation, contentment, interest) and negative emotions (depression, anger, boredom, sadness). At the between‐person level, higher state mindfulness was associated with more positive emotions and less negative emotions. Individuals’ overall rumination partially mediated the relation between state mindfulness and emotions (depression, anger, boredom, sadness, relaxation). We concluded that higher state mindfulness was associated with lower rumination, which in turn resulted in more positive emotions and less negative emotions. More important, state mindfulness also exerted a dynamic impact on daily emotions via rumination.     

汉语双字词超音段信息在语义激活中的作用

采用眼动方法,通过两个实验考察了汉语双字词超音段信息在语义激活中的作用。结果显示：（1）汉语双字词语义激活过程中,分别改变首字声调和尾字声调对语义激活起到抑制作用,首字声调改变时的抑制作用更大。结果支持了Cohort模型。（2）语义相关词的注视点和注视时间远远多于其控制词,但没有发现词频效应。（3）汉语声调的加工过程与声韵母一样,独立作用于语义激活过程。     

饮酒对反应抑制的影响及其神经机制

反应抑制是指个体抑制不合适、不安全、或不需要的行为的能力,是重要的执行控制功能,在成瘾行为的作用下易受到损害。目前众多研究发现饮酒行为与个体反应抑制功能的表现关系密切,即便在个体戒断后也有长时间影响,且对饮酒者后代的抑制能力形成破坏,提高了后代出现成瘾行为的风险。随后从脑结构和神经递质两方面探讨饮酒影响反应抑制功能的机制,并整理了近些年基于双重加工模型提出的反应抑制训练及其在临床干预饮酒行为上的作用。未来研究仍有不少问题值得探索,同时考虑遗传和环境因素是相关研究的关键。     

信息加工效率与阅读的关系研究

对23名大学生进行知觉广度、记忆广度和阅读理解的多项测验,探求知觉、记忆加工效率与不同语言阅读成绩和阅读眼动特性之间的关系。结果发现：低水平的视觉符号方向信号知觉广度与阅读不存在明显的关系,从眼跳幅度指标上反映出右侧知觉广度大的被试对第二语言加工难度更为敏感。短时记忆和工作记忆能力对阅读的影响主要反映在眼跳幅度方面,与单个注视点获取的信息量有关,但与课文理解水平的关系不明显。短时记忆能力强的被试在眼跳幅度上以及第二语言言语工作记忆弱的被试在注视时间上均出现语言差异效应。     

美沙酮维持治疗者社会网络的现状分析及对策——基于无锡市吸毒者的医学社会学研究

通过社会流行病学调查,对受艾滋病和社会歧视双重威胁的关沙酮维持治疗者的社会交往和社会支持网络的构成、特征进行分析;表明该群体的社会交往网络局限于非正式群体;而社会支持网中的正式群体对其回归社会起关键作用;因而完善其家庭和社会功能恢复的途径,对我国禁毒工作和遏制艾滋病传播尤为重要。     

Inactivation of the anterior cingulate cortex blocks expression of remote, but not recent, conditioned taste aversion memory

Previous studies have shown that medial prefrontal cortical regions, such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), play a key role in the expression of remote spatial and contextual memory. To evaluate whether this role is conserved in hippocampal-independent tasks we trained mice in the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm. Lidocaine-induced inactivation of the ACC blocked the expression of CTA tested one month (remote), but not one day (recent), after conditioning with either a weak or strong unconditioned stimulus (US). These data suggest that the ACC may play a conserved role in remote memory, regardless of memory strength or content.     

科学无神论必须进入大学校园--一组有关调查和论文的述评(下)

复述的论文提要,给我许多知识和启发,对于作者们,我表示敬佩。他们关心大学生健康成长的心情,溢于言表;他们对当前高校世界观教育的缺失的评论,大约也不是少数人的看法;他们的建议,不应该被漠然置之。由此浮想颇多,也想借机补充几句。一、关于政权分离、宗教与教育分离问题我主张我们的大学生,应该思想活跃,接触世界,认识世界。对于宗教以至流行的迷信,也应该有些必要的知识。宗教信仰自由不只是党的政策, 而且是《宪法》规定的公民权利,这一权利同《宪法》规定的其他权利一样,是神圣的,不可侵犯