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31.
Dina Guglielmi Greta Mazzetti Paola Villano Gabriela Topa Cantisano 《Psychology, health & medicine》2018,23(5):511-516
Work environments characterized by inadequate work conditions have been widely recognized as being particularly prone to the occurrence and exacerbation of bullying behavior. Accordingly, this longitudinal study aimed to explore whether the impact of effort–reward imbalance (ERI) on workplace bullying was mediated by a lower perception of organizational justice, and whether the association between ERI and perceptions of justice was moderated by organizational identification. In the current study, a sample of N = 195 Spanish employees from different occupational sectors filled in an online questionnaire at two different times with a time lag of 8 months. In line with the hypothesized moderated mediation model, results showed that organizational justice mediated the impact of ERI on workplace bullying. Moreover, the effect of perceived ERI on organizational justice was stronger for employees with low organizational identification. Overall, this study can contribute to better understanding how and when ERI boosts the risk of workplace bullying. Accordingly, early intervention designed to buffer the negative effects of ERI should focus on increasing individual levels of organizational identification. 相似文献
32.
Goodie JL Williams PM Kurzweil D Marcellas KB 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2011,18(4):353-360
Medical school curricula often provide insufficient time and instruction for health behavior change counseling. We examined
the feasibility of blending classroom and distributed learning experiences to teach medical students how to initiate health
behavior change counseling and analyzed the impact of this approach on their attitudes, knowledge, and skills. Usage patterns
and pre- to post-class attitude and knowledge changes were assessed with self-report questions among 153 third year family
medicine clerkship students. Most students viewed at least 90% of the online written content and took an average of 41 min
(SD = 24 min 35 s) to view all of the content. Students’ confidence in their ability to help patients change unhealthy behaviors
significantly improved (p < .01). The blended learning curriculum facilitated learning of behavior change skills, encouraged interaction with course
materials, and improved medical students’ self confidence for using health behavior change skills. 相似文献
33.
Greenberg D 《The journal of pastoral care & counseling : JPCC》2006,60(1-2):153-155
34.
A.?L.?McDowell D.?L.?Samuelson B.?S.?Dina P.?E.?GarraghtyEmail author 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2004,39(4):307-317
We have shown previously that the antiepileptic phenytoin impairs transfer in an instrumental learning task (Banks et al.,
1999). The present study examined the effects of contextual alterations on appetitive-to-aversive transfer performance of
rats treated with either phenytoin or tang. Adult rats were tested in tone-signaled appetitive and aversive instrumental tasks,
where the animal bar-pressed to obtain a food reward (sugar pellet) or to avoid shock. Rats were trained on the appetitive
task for 31 days. Beginning on the twenty-first day, rats were gavaged with either phenytoin or tang twice daily. Animals
were then transferred to aversive training, with the phenytoin or tang treatment continuing throughout the 25 testing days.
For some animals, contextual changes were introduced as they shifted from appetitive to aversive training, while for other
animals these changes were not made. Phenytoin-treated rats that were presented with changes in context as they transferred
from the appetitive to the aversive task learned the avoidance response to levels substantially higher than drug-treated rats
not presented with the contextual changes. These results indicate that phenytoin impairs avoidance learning following transfer
from the appetitive task, and that this impairment can be eliminated by introducing changes in context at the point of transfer.
In the tang-treated control subjects, on the other hand, there was no improvement in transfer learning performance associated
with the changes in contextual cues. This pattern of results suggests that contextual encoding processes in rats being trained
in an instrumental appetitive-to-aversive paradigm are dramatically affected by phenytoin. 相似文献
35.
Sandak R Mencl WE Frost SJ Rueckl JG Katz L Moore DL Mason SA Fulbright RK Constable RT Pugh KR 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2004,4(1):67-88
fMRI was used to investigate the separate influences of orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing on the ability
to learn new words and the cortical circuitry recruited to subsequently read those words. In a behavioral session, subjects
acquired familiarity for three sets of pseudowords, attending to orthographic, phonological, or (learned) semantic features.
Transfer effects were measured in an event-related fMRI session as the subjects named trained pseudowords, untrained pseudowords,
and real words. Behaviorally, phonological and semantic training resulted in better learning than did orthographic training.
Neurobiologically, orthographic training did not modulate activation in the main reading regions. Phonological and semantic
training yielded equivalent behavioral facilitation but distinct functional activation patterns, suggesting that the learning
resulting from these two training conditions was driven by different underlying processes. The findings indicate that the
putative ventral visual word form area is sensitive to the phonological structure of words, with phonologically analytic processing
contributing to the specialization of this region. 相似文献
36.
37.
The Theory of Signal Detectability (TSD) has nearly replaced classical notions of the threshold because of its ability to separate sensory and decision processes in weak-signal detection and recognition paradigms. The primary emphasis of recent work has concentrated on the sensory rather than the decision aspects and almost all work has been exclusively at one signal strength. We propose a model to describe behavior at different signal strengths based on subjective rather than objective distributions. The model predicts performance at a constant likelihood ratio (LR) criterion (even though subjective distributions are the basis for determining cutoff criteria) unless the observer adopts a Subjective Neyman-Pearson (SNP) objective. Results from an experiment in visual discrimination suggest that some observers in fact operate at constant objective LR's as signal strength is varied randomly over a wide range. The objective LR's of the other subjects changed dramatically with signal strength, but this behavior is consistent with the use of a Subjective Neyman-Pearson (SNP) decision rule and the linear relation between subjective and objective log LR's found in the studies of subjective probability. 相似文献
38.
In this article, we explore stigma management among dominatrices, a relatively understudied profession within the literature on sex work. Our analysis is based on in-depth interviews with current and former dominatrices and published memoirs and blogs written by women who have worked in the industry. We argue that the professional dominatrix occupies a unique position within the sex industry, responding to stigma directed toward her both as a sex worker and practitioner of sadomasochism. Our research has implications for understanding the management of intersecting stigmas and the relationship between stigma management and social ideologies of gender, sexuality, and sex work. 相似文献
39.
The aims of this study were, first, to test the association between regulatory focus of adults with type 2 diabetes and their adherence to two types of self-care behaviors – lifestyle change (e.g. physical activity and diet) and medical care regimens (blood-glucose monitoring, foot care and medication usage). Second, to explore whether a fit between the message framing and patients’ regulatory focus would improve their intentions to adhere specifically when the type of behavior fits the patients’ regulatory focus as well. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 130 adults with type 2 diabetes who were hospitalized in an academic medical center. The patients completed a set of questionnaires that included their diabetes self-care activities, regulatory focus, self-esteem and demographic, socioeconomic and clinical data. In addition, participants were exposed to either a gain-framed or a loss-framed message, and were then asked to indicate their intention to improve adherence to self-care behaviors. A multivariable linear regression model revealed that promoters reported higher adherence to lifestyle change behaviors than preventers did (B = .60, p = .028). However, no effect of regulatory focus on adherence to medical care regimens was found (B = .46, p = .114). In addition, preventers reported higher intentions to adhere to medical care behaviors when the message framing was congruent with prevention focus (B = 1.16, p = .023). However, promoters did not report higher intentions to adhere to lifestyle behaviors when the message framing was congruent with promotion focus (B = ?.16, p = .765). These findings justify the need to develop tailor-made interventions that are adjusted to both patients’ regulatory focus and type of health behavior. 相似文献
40.
We examined social facilitation and emotional convergence in amusement, sadness, and fear in dynamic interactions. Dyads of friends or strangers jointly watched emotion-eliciting films while they either could or could not communicate nonverbally. We assessed three components of each emotion (expressions, appraisals, and feelings), as well as attention to and social motives toward the co-participant. In Study 1, participants interacted through a mute videoconference. In Study 2, they sat next to each other and either were or were not separated by a partition. Results revealed that facilitation and convergence are not uniform across different emotions and emotion components. Particularly strong supporting patterns emerged for the facilitation of and convergence in smiling. When direct interaction was possible (Study 2), friends showed a general tendency for strong convergence, with the exception of fear-related appraisals. This suggests that underlying processes of emotional contagion and social appraisal are differentially relevant for different emotions. 相似文献