Differential Educational Aspiration Levels in a Sample of Undergraduate Health Majors

Motive to avoid success (M-s) describes the inner conflict that high-achieving females experience when they are confronted with academic success. Little research has been done on M-s in a predominantly female occupation. Evidence of the trait was detected in a sample of 462 female students at the associate degree and bachelor's degree levels of the medical laboratory profession when they were compared with 118 male peers. An academic variable (high school rank) and two motivational variables (idealized and realistic degree aspiration) were employed. Counseling techniques and recommended areas of future M-s research are presented.     

The changing psychology of culture in German‐speaking countries: A Google Ngram study

This article provides evidence for the long‐term affiliation between ecological and cultural changes in German‐speaking countries, based on the assumptions derived from social change and human development theory. Based on this theory, the increase in urbanisation, as a measure of ecological change, is associated with significant cultural changes of psychology. Whereas urbanisation is linked to greater individualistic values and materialistic attitudes, rural environments are strongly associated with collectivistic values like allegiance, prevalence of religion, and feelings of belonging and benevolence. Due to an increase in the German urbanisation rate over time, our study investigates whether Germany and the German‐speaking countries around show the presumed changes in psychology. By using Google Books Ngram Viewer, we find that word frequencies, signifying individualistic (collectivistic) values, are positively (negatively) related to the urbanisation rate of Germany. Our results indicate that predictions about implications of an urbanising population for the psychology of culture hold true, supporting international universality of the social change and human development theory. Furthermore, we provide evidence for a predicted reversal for the time during and after World War II, reflecting Nazi propaganda and influence.     

Priming outside of awareness and subsequent stimulus identification.

The influence of priming outside of awareness on performance of a color-recognition task was investigated. Using a tachistoscope, a color word that matched ("congruent prime") or did not match ("incongruent prime") the target color or a blank prime was followed by a pattern mask and the target color. Identification performance was superior on the blank prime trials to the congruent prime trials, with performance on the incongruent prime trials being the lowest. A subsequent study included a meaningless (XXX) prime condition, and it was found that meaningless primes interfered with target-color identification more than the congruent and blank prime conditions, but less than the incongruent prime condition, suggesting that primes, in addition to producing semantic activation, impose demands on information-processing capacity of the perceptual system.     

Hell-Dunkel-Anpassung und räumliches Sehen

Ohne ZusammenfassungI. und II. Mitteilung in Pflügers Arch.257, 48 u. 87 (1953).     

Current status of intrathecal antifibrinolytic therapy with p-aminomethylbenzoic acid (PAMBA) in subarachnoid hemorrhages

The blood-brain barrier is barely affected by slight or moderate subarachnoidal bleeding so that the p-aminomethylbenzoic acid (PAMBA) administered systemically for antifibrinolytic therapy does not attain the continuous level necessary in the cerebrospinal fluid. Thus the antifibrinolytic agent should be applied intrathecally because this would totally inhibit fibrinolytic activity in cerebrospinal fluid containing blood and during the wound healing of ruptured aneurysmas. The improvement in wound healing reduces the occurrence of rebleeding, especially during the first 10 days, and improves conditions for successful surgical intervention.     

Psychobiology of altered states of consciousness

The article reviews the current knowledge regarding altered states of consciousness (ASC) (a) occurring spontaneously, (b) evoked by physical and physiological stimulation, (c) induced by psychological means, and (d) caused by diseases. The emphasis is laid on psychological and neurobiological approaches. The phenomenological analysis of the multiple ASC resulted in 4 dimensions by which they can be characterized: activation, awareness span, self-awareness, and sensory dynamics. The neurophysiological approach revealed that the different states of consciousness are mainly brought about by a compromised brain structure, transient changes in brain dynamics (disconnectivity), and neurochemical and metabolic processes. Besides these severe alterations, environmental stimuli, mental practices, and techniques of self-control can also temporarily alter brain functioning and conscious experience.