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51.
Kerschreiter R Schulz-Hardt S Mojzisch A Frey D 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2008,34(5):679-691
When searching for information, groups that are homogeneous regarding their members' prediscussion decision preferences show a strong bias for information that supports rather than conflicts with the prevailing opinion (confirmation bias). The present research examined whether homogeneous groups blindly search for information confirming their beliefs irrespective of the anticipated task or whether they are sensitive to the usefulness of new information for this forthcoming task. Results of three experiments show that task sensitivity depends on the groups' confidence in the correctness of their decision: Moderately confident groups displayed a strong confirmation bias when they anticipated having to give reasons for their decision but showed a balanced information search or even a dis confirmation bias (i.e., predominately seeking conflicting information) when they anticipated having to refute counterarguments. In contrast, highly confident groups demonstrated a strong confirmation bias independent of the anticipated task requirements. 相似文献
52.
Three experiments re-examined Baylis and Driver's (1993) strong evidence for object-based selection, that making relative apex location judgments is harder between two objects than within a single object, with object (figure-ground) segmentation determined solely by color-based perceptual set. Using variations of the Baylis and Driver paradigm, the experiments replicated a two-object cost. However, they also showed a large part of the two-object cost to be attributable to space-based factors, though there remained an irreducible cost consistent with 'true' object-based selection. 相似文献
53.
Eva Jonas Eva Traut-Mattausch Dieter Frey Jeff Greenberg 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(4):1180-1186
Research on the phenomenon of selective exposure to information demonstrates that after preliminary or final decisions, people show a preference for supporting rather than conflicting information (confirmation bias). In this article, we examine conditions that increase or decrease distortions in the search for information. We report on four experiments indicating that the confirmation bias is influenced by whether people focus on their decision or on the presented pieces of information during the information search. Focusing on the decision, for example, because a reward for a correct decision is promised or simply because participants repeatedly think of it, increases the confirmation bias. On the other hand, if participants focus on the available pieces of information because they have to invest money in order to search for information or because they have to evaluate the individual pieces of information, the confirmation bias decreases. Implications for theoretical understanding and interventions for decision-making situations are discussed. 相似文献
54.
Martin Riemer Xaver Fuchs Florian Bublatzky Dieter Kleinböhl Rupert Hölzl Jörg Trojan 《Acta psychologica》2014
The rubber hand illusion (RHI), in which a visible artificial hand is touched (or moves) synchronously with the participant's unseen own hand, indicates that body representations can undergo rapid changes. While several constraints for this illusion have been described, some reports highlight a remarkable flexibility of body representations, even contradicting a priori assumptions regarding body appearance and anatomy (e.g., the subjective embodiment of a third arm). 相似文献
55.
Peter Fischer Andreas Kastenmüller Dieter Frey Claudia Peus 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(1):42-61
In the workplace, people can experience various types of failure and frustrations resulting in spontaneous social comparisons with other colleagues who are more (upward comparison) or less (downward comparison) successful. Upward comparisons especially have been shown to increase envy toward the outperforming benchmark colleague, which could negatively affect social interaction with this colleague. In line with this, our results consistently show that upward comparisons are associated with higher levels of experienced envy, as well as with a lower transmission rate of high-quality information. By contrast, type of social comparison had no impact on the amount of transmitted low-quality, work-relevant information. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
56.
Dorit Wenke Robert Gaschler Dieter Nattkemper Peter A. Frensch 《Psychological research》2009,73(4):587-601
Temporal and strategic factors that might influence the transformation of verbal task rules into functional stimulus–response
associations were investigated in three experiments. In a dual task paradigm of the ABBA type participants were presented
new S–R instructions for the A-task at the beginning of each trial. On varying proportions of trials No-go signals rendered
the instructed A-task mappings irrelevant before instruction implementation was assessed during performance of an unrelated
B-task. Our results indicate that participants refrain from implementing the mappings during instruction presentation when
No-go signals appear frequently and late (Exp. 2), and that they can interrupt implementing instructed S–R mappings when frequent
No-go signals appear early enough during implementation (Exp. 3). When No-go signals are rare and late, however (Exp. 1),
the instructed stimulus features always activate their associated responses during performance of the embedded B-task in an
automatic manner. Together, these findings suggest that participants strategically control whether or not they implement verbal
instructions. Once implemented, however, instructed S–R associations influence behaviour even when the instructed mappings
are no longer task relevant.
相似文献
Dorit WenkeEmail: |
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The dearth of empirical research in the application of biofeedback is discussed. Exp. 1 assessed relationships among biofeedback EMG training, EMG levels, cognitive task performance, and task difficulty. 72 subjects (male or female college students) were administered 1 trial on an iconic memory task with either EMG audio feedback, sham EMG audio feedback, or no feedback. Three levels of task difficulty were used. One 20-min. training session significantly lowered EMG responses, and task performance was inversely related to task difficulty. No relationship between EMG level and task performance was observed. Exp. 2 investigated the effect of increased EMG responses on cognitive task performance for one level of difficulty. One biofeedback training session did not significantly increase frontalis EMG, and there was no relationship between increased EMG and task performance. 相似文献
60.
Dieter Wandschneider 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1996,27(2):347-352
The criticism formulated by L. B. Puntel concerning the theory of dialectic proposed by the author is rejected. Puntel's attempt at explicating predication by means of (second order) predicate logic fails: It misjudges predication being already presupposed for the possibility of predicate logic, thus belonging to the transcendental conditions of formal predicate logic, so that predication itself cannot be further explicated by means of such logic. What is in fact criticized by Puntel is something like an artefact of formalization. The unreflected application of formal logic here generates problems instead of solving them. 相似文献