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911.
Ullsperger M Bylsma LM Botvinick MM 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2005,5(4):467-472
Analyses of trial sequences in flanker tasks have revealed cognitive adaptation, reflected in a reduced interference effect
following incompatible trials (Gratton, Coles, & Donchin, 1992). These effects have been explained on the basis of the response
conflict monitoring model of Botvinick, Braver, Barch, Carter, and Cohen (2001), who proposed that preceding response conflict
triggers stronger topdown control, leading to performance improvements on subsequent trials of similar context. A recent study
(Mayr, Awh, & Laurey, 2003) has challenged this account, suggesting that the behavioral adaptations are confined to trial
sequences of exact trial repetitions and can therefore be explained by repetition priming. Here, we present two experiments
in which the sequential dependency effect was present even on trial sequences that did not involve stimulus repeats. We discuss
the data with respect to the conflict-monitoring and repetition-priming accounts. 相似文献
912.
We examine methods for measuring performance in signal-detection-like tasks when each participant provides only a few observations.
Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that standard statistical techniques applied to ad’ analysis can lead to large numbers of Type I errors (incorrectly rejecting a hypothesis of no difference). Various statistical
methods were compared in terms of their Type I and Type II error (incorrectly accepting a hypothesis of no difference) rates.
Our conclusions are the same whether these two types of errors are weighted equally or Type I errors are weighted more heavily.
The most promising method is to combine an aggregated’ measure with a percentile bootstrap confidence interval, a computerintensive nonparametric method of statistical inference.
Researchers who prefer statistical techniques more commonly used in psychology, such as a repeated measurest test, should useγ (Goodman & Kruskal, 1954), since it performs slightly better than or nearly as well asd’. In general, when repeated measurest tests are used,γ is more conservative thand’: It makes more Type II errors, but its Type I error rate tends to be much closer to that of the traditional .05 α level.
It is somewhat surprising thatγ performs as well as it does, given that the simulations that generated the hypothetical data conformed completely to thed’ model. Analyses in which H—FA was used had the highest Type I error rates. Detailed simulation results can be downloaded
fromwww.psychonomic.org/archive/Schooler-BRM-2004.zip. 相似文献
913.
914.
915.
In this study, we examined whether integration of visual and auditory information about emotions requires limited attentional
resources. Subjects judged whether a voice expressed happiness or fear, while trying to ignore a concurrently presented static
facial expression. As an additional task, the subjects had to add two numbers together rapidly (Experiment 1), count the occurrences
of a target digit in a rapid serial visual presentation (Experiment 2), or judge the pitch of a tone as high or low (Experiment
3). The visible face had an impact on judgments of the emotion of the heard voice in all the experiments. This cross-modal
effect was independent of whether or not the subjects performed a demanding additional task. This suggests that integration
of visual and auditory information about emotions may be a mandatory process, unconstrained by attentional resources. 相似文献
916.
Graded exposure in vivo in the treatment of pain-related fear: a replicated single-case experimental design in four patients with chronic low back pain 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Vlaeyen JW de Jong J Geilen M Heuts PH van Breukelen G 《Behaviour research and therapy》2001,39(2):151-166
The aim of this investigation was to examine the effectiveness of a graded exposure in vivo treatment with behavioural experiments as compared to usual graded activity in reducing pain-related fears, catastrophising and pain disability in chronic low back pain patients reporting substantial fear of movement/(re)injury. Included in the study were four consecutive CLBP patients who were referred for outpatient behavioural rehabilitation, and who reported substantial fear of movement/(re)injury (Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia score>40). A replicated single-case cross-over design was used. After a no-treatment baseline measurement period, the patients were randomly assigned to one of two interventions. In intervention A, patients received the exposure first, followed by graded activity. In intervention B, the sequence of treatment modules was reversed. Sixty-three daily measures of pain-related cognitions and fears were recorded with visual analogue scales. Before and after the treatment, the following measures were taken: pain-related fear, pain catastrophising, pain control and pain disability. Using time series analysis on the daily measures of pain-related cognitions and fears, we found that improvements only occurred during the graded exposure in vivo, and not during the graded activity, irrespective of the treatment order. Analysis of the pre-post treatment differences also revealed that decreases in pain-related fear concurred with decreases in pain catastrophising and pain disability, and in half of the cases an increase in pain control. This study shows that the external validity of exposure in vivo also extends to the subgroup of chronic low back pain patients who report substantial fear of movement/(re)injury. 相似文献
917.
Inhibitory effects of repeating color and shape: inhibition of return or repetition blindness? 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Fox E de Fockert JW 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2001,27(4):798-812
There is a current debate regarding whether attention is influenced by stimulus attributes other than location. The present article replicates and extends previous findings that repeating the nonspatial attribute of color leads to a delay in target detection (M. B. Law, J. Pratt, & R. A. Abrams, 1995). Repetition disadvantage effects were found for the stimulus attributes of both color and shape, as well as for location. However, the nonspatial repetition disadvantage disappeared if the stimuli were presented in peripheral locations (Experiments 3a, 3b, and 4) or the cue was presented for 50 ms (Experiment 6). Moreover, the magnitude of the repetition disadvantage tended to decline as the cue-target stimulus-onset asynchrony increased (Experiments 5a, 5b, and 6). These results suggest that a repetition blindness mechanism may underlie the repetition disadvantage effects of nonspatial features, rather than an inhibition of return mechanism. 相似文献
918.
de Roo E 《Brain and language》2001,77(3):398-406
Root nonfinite structures are frequent in both child language and agrammatic speech. Moreover, root nonfinites seem to have quite similar properties in both types of speech. Although many accounts are available for child language this is not the case for agrammatic speech. I present data of a Dutch agrammatic patient in this paper. The properties of her root nonfinites are best accounted for by the assumption of an underspecified Tense Phrase licensed by an empty element. In her finite sentences a dummy Tense element shows up. The use of either an empty or a dummy Tense element is a way of reducing the processing load of the utterance. The speech of this patient shows a dissociation between the verbal and the nominal domain. 相似文献
919.
920.
This study examined the relation between a subjective and a behavioral measure of the vividness of auditory imagery as well as the disposition towards hallucination in normal subjects. In addition to the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale, subjects (57 university students) completed the Betts questionnaire in which they rated the vividness of their experienced mental images and performed a behavioral task aimed at measuring auditory imagery. The task consisted of a perception and an imagery condition in which subjects had to indicate the odd one of three everyday sounds. Performance on the behavioral task did not correlate with the auditory or scores on the Visual subscale of the Betts. In addition, neither scores on the behavioral measure nor the Auditory subscale of the Betts correlated significantly with hallucinatory predisposition as rated on the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale. In contrast, the Visual subscale of the Betts did correlate with scores on the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale, consistent with previous research. We conclude that there is no straightforward relationship between imagery vividness and hallucinatory experiences and that subjective and objective indices of imagery vividness measure different aspects of mental function. 相似文献