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891.
Arild Hestvik Richard G. Schwartz Lydia Tornyova 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2010,39(5):443-456
Children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) have been observed to have production and perception difficulties with sentences
containing long-distance dependencies, but it is unclear whether this is due to impairment in grammatical knowledge or in
processing mechanisms. The current study addressed this issue by examining automatic on-line gap-filling in relative clauses,
as well as off-line comprehension of the same stimulus sentences. As predicted by both knowledge impairment and processing
impairment models, SLI children showed lack of immediate gap-filling after the relative clause verb, in comparison to a control
group of typically developing children. However, on the off-line measure of comprehension of the same stimuli sentences, SLI
children and TD children did not differ qualitatively. This finding is incompatible with knowledge impairment. We interpret
the results to show that SLI children have impaired processing mechanisms (such as temporally delayed gap-filling) but are
not impaired in their grammatical knowledge. 相似文献
892.
893.
Jeremy Schwartz 《European Journal of Philosophy》2010,18(1):84-107
Abstract: Recently, the idea that every hypothetical imperative must somehow be 'backed up' by a prior categorical imperative has gained a certain influence among Kant interpreters and ethicists influenced by Kant. Since instrumentalism is the position that holds that hypothetical imperatives can by themselves and without the aid of categorical imperatives explain all valid forms of practical reasoning, the influential idea amounts to a rejection of instrumentalism as internally incoherent. This paper argues against this prevailing view both as an interpretation of Kant and as philosophical understanding of practical reason. In particular, it will be argued that many of the arguments that claim to show that hypothetical imperatives must be backed up by categorical imperatives mistakenly assume that the form of practical reasoning must itself occur as a premise within the reasoning. An alternative to this assumption will be offered. I will conclude that while instrumentalism may well be false, there is no reason to believe it is incoherent. 相似文献
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895.
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897.
Elizabeth M. Kaufman Beth N. Peshkin William F. Lawrence Rebecca Shelby Claudine Isaacs Karen Brown Jessica Rispoli Suzanne O'Neill Karen Hurley Tiffani DeMarco Barbara Brogan Sherry Grumet Lina Jandorf Kristine McKenna Heiddis Valdimarsdottir Marc D. Schwartz 《Journal of genetic counseling》2003,12(2):109-129
Shared decision making between patients and providers is becoming increasingly common, particularly when there is no clear preferred course of action. As a result, decision aids are being adopted with growing frequency and have been applied to many medical decision-making issues. One such issue where there is uncertainty is breast cancer risk management among BRCA1/BRCA2 carriers. We present the development of a CD-ROM decision aid to facilitate risk management decision making in this population. Our decision aid was developed with the intention of providing it through a randomized clinical trial. The CD-ROM is a multimedia, interactive intervention which provides information about breast cancer, risks associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, risk management options for hereditary breast cancer, and a breast cancer risk management decision aid. The goal of this CD-ROM, offered as an adjunctive intervention, is to reduce decisional conflict and psychological distress and improve comprehension of risk information, decisional satisfaction, medical adherence, and quality of life for this population of women at increased risk for breast cancer. 相似文献
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899.
Quigley Dianne Levine Alana Sonnenfeld David A. Brown Phil Tian Qing Wei Xiaofan 《Science and engineering ethics》2019,25(2):477-517
Science and Engineering Ethics - Researchers of the Northeast Ethics Education Partnership (NEEP) at Brown University sought to improve an understanding of the ethical challenges of field... 相似文献
900.
Shawn P. Gilroy Brent A. Kaplan Lindsay P. Schwartz Derek D. Reed Steven R. Hursh 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2021,115(3):729-746
Contemporary approaches for evaluating the demand for reinforcers use either the Exponential or the Exponentiated model of operant demand, both derived from the framework of Hursh and Silberberg (2008). This report summarizes the strengths and complications of this framework and proposes a novel implementation. This novel implementation incorporates earlier strengths and resolves existing shortcomings that are due to the use of a logarithmic scale for consumption. The Inverse Hyperbolic Sine (IHS) transformation is reviewed and evaluated as a replacement for the logarithmic scale in models of operant demand. Modeling consumption in the “log10-like” IHS scale reflects relative changes in consumption (as with a log scale) and accommodates a true zero bound (i.e., zero consumption values). The presence of a zero bound obviates the need for a separate span parameter (i.e., k) and the span of the model may be more simply defined by maximum demand at zero price (i.e., Q0). Further, this reformulated model serves to decouple the exponential rate constant (i.e., α) from variations in span, thus normalizing the rate constant to the span of consumption in IHS units and permitting comparisons when spans vary. This model, called the Zero-bounded Exponential (ZBE), is evaluated using simulated and real-world data. The direct reinstatement ZBE model showed strong correspondence with empirical indicators of demand and with a normalization of α (ZBEn) across empirical data that varied in reinforcing efficacy (dose, time to onset of peak effects). Future directions in demand curve analysis are discussed with recommendations for additional replication and exploration of scales beyond the logarithm when accommodating zero consumption data. 相似文献