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871.
A study was conducted to examine the interpersonal costs of using power bases associated with the opposite sex. The study also tested two hypotheses regarding influence differences associated with two statistical interactions: (1) the sex of the source by the sex-type of the message, and (2) the sex of the subject by the sex-type of the message. Subjects (N=387) viewed a videotype containing one of six speakers (three males, three females) delivering one of two speeches (about gun control or child care centers) and using one of two power bases (helplessness or expertise). The results indicated that speakers using power bases associated with the opposite sex were liked less and regarded as less competent and qualified than their counterparts. The results also indicated that female speakers aroused more belief in the child care message and male speakers aroused more belief in the gun control message than did the other speaker-message combinations. No significant effects were associated with the interaction between subjects' sex and message. Among other findings, female subjects generally rated the messages and the speakers more positively than did male subjects. 相似文献
872.
Irwin W. Silverman Arthur P. Rose Diane E. Phillis 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1979,28(1):30-42
The “magic” paradigm was devised to assess conservation of number in young children. Previous results with the paradigm have suggested that children acquire the ability to conserve number by 3 years of age. Because these results indicate a very precocious development of number conservation relative to performance on the classic conservation task, a comparison of these two procedures was made. Several differences which might account for the superior performance with the magic paradigm were noted: The arrays are presented successively rather than simultaneously, the arrays are presented side by side rather than parallel to one another, and the displacement is performed surreptitiously rather than openly. In the present research the magic paradigm was modified in several steps so that these differences between procedures were removed. None of the changes had an impact on the performance of 3-year-olds. It was concluded that insofar as small numbers are concerned, young children treat displacement as irrelevant to number. In regard to the question of whether young children are capable of conserving small numbers, it was concluded that no answer can be given. Basically, the problem is that we lack sufficient information on how young children solve the magic paradigm. 相似文献
873.
874.
D. W. Rajecki Donald G. McTavish Jeffrey Lee Rasmussen Madelon Schreuders Diane C. Byers K. Sean Jessup 《Journal of applied social psychology》1994,24(19):1685-1699
Stories in a sample of 92 television (TV) food ads aimed at children were analyzed for thematic and subtextual content. Violence as a surface theme ranked first in use receiving a nonzero score in 62% of the ads, followed by conflict (41%), achievement (24%), mood alteration (23%), enablement (18%), trickery (20%), and product dependence (8%). Cluster analysis identified six groupings of themes, with 64% of the ads characterized by some combination of violence, conflict, and trickery. Regarding subtexts, the computer-based Minnesota Contextual Content Analysis program evaluated the voiced material in ads in terms of four marker categories named "traditional (normative)", "practical", "emotional", and "analytic". It was found that the texts had a strong emphasis on the emotional subtext or thrust, and a pronounced underemphasis on the analytic context. These analyses identify possibly dubious content in a significant segment of children's TV viewing. 相似文献
875.
Diane F. Hailparn M.A. A.C.S.W. Michael Hailparn Ph.D. 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》1994,24(4):271-279
The Catholic patient presents a unique challenge to the therapist because of the special psychological dynamics they present.
Issues such as shame, guilt, masochism, anger, sex, and magical thinking, take on a unique significance when applied to Catholic
patients. These issues are a constant struggle for the Catholic because they represent “mortal sins.” Committing these sins
will result, in the patient's mind, in spending an eternity in the tortures of Hell unless they can be erased by confession
and appropriate penance. The therapist must actively work to “exorcise” this punitive superego in a way that may differ from
psychotherapy with other patients. 相似文献
876.
Power balances are investigated in a sample of 413 heterosexual dating individuals (86% white, 9.7% black, 4.3% other ethnicities). Less than half the respondents perceive their relationships to be equal in the distribution of power, and men are over twice as likely as women to be viewed as the partners having more power. Imbalances are also evident in three related measures—decision-making, emotional involvement, and equity. A higher proportion of both women and men say that the male partner, rather than the female partner, made more of the decisions, was less emotionally involved, and in general was getting a better deal. Finally, male dominance, but not equality of power between the genders, is associated with greater romantic relationship longevity. More specifically, the higher the relative degree of power attributed by respondents to the male, rather than the female, partner of a dyad, the lower is the subsequent rate of relationship dissolution.This research was supported in part by a National Institute of Mental Health grant (1 RO3 MH42699-01). The author thanks Susan Sprecher, Larry Cohen, and Brian Powell for their comments on an earlier version of this paper. Appreciation is also expressed to Brenda Gunn for her assistance with graphics. 相似文献
877.
One of the primary intents of inclusion is the maximization of interaction between persons with and without disabilities. The purpose of this study was to analyze the verbal responding that peers directed toward adolescents with behavioral disorders and, to this effect, several comparisons were made: verbal responding of peers directed toward adolescents with behavioral disorders was compared to verbal responding of peers directed toward regular class adolescents; verbal responding of peers directed toward the same adolescents with behavioral disorders was compared across their self-contained and integrated settings; and verbal responding of peers directed toward adolescents with behavioral disorders in integrated settings was compared to verbal responding of peers directed toward regular class adolescents. Data, collected in real time using portable microcomputers, focused on positive, negative, and neutral social responding and positive, negative, and neutral academic responding. All verbal responding of peers directed toward 14 adolescents with behavioral disorders and 14 regular class peers was recorded. Data were analyzed by group and setting, as well as by social or academic content. Results of the study support inclusion, with high levels of peer responding directed toward adolescents with behavioral disorders in integrated classrooms. Almost all peer responding was positive or neutral in content. Results were discussed as they related to placement of students, social skills training, and previous research. 相似文献
878.
This article presents a new model of reaching control. The aim of the model is to characterize the computations underlying the selection of coordinated motion patterns among the limb segments. When a spatial target is selected, stored postures are evaluated for the contributions they can make to the task, and a special weighted average (the gaussian average) is taken of the postures to find a single target posture. Movement to the target posture is achieved without explicit planning of the trajectory. Rather, the reaching motion is driven by error correction (reducing the discrepancy between the current and target posture) shaped by inertia. The model solves the degrees-of-freedom problem for reaching. It also allows joints to compensate automatically for reduced mobility of other joints and explains established effects of practice, speed-accuracy trade-off, and kinematics. The model can be extended to other tasks and motor subsystems because of the generality of its underlying concepts. 相似文献
879.
880.
Augustine Osman Francisco X. Barrios Diane Aukes Joylene R. Osman Kathleen Markway 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1993,15(4):287-297
This study presents data on the norms and psychometric properties of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), using a sample of 225 community adult volunteers. Maximum-likelihood confirmatory factor analyses of previously published models of the BAI: a two-factor model and a five-factor model, showed that the fit of each model was unacceptable. Also, the fit of the single-factor model was poor. Exploratory principal-components analyses with varimax and oblique rotations suggested four BAI components within this sample. Satisfactory levels of reliability were established for the BAI subscales. Finally, the relations between the BAI total and subscale scores and a related measure of anxiety and with another self-report measure of psychological distress were examined.This paper was presented at the 27th Annual Convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Atlanta, Georgia, November 1993. 相似文献