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871.
872.
According to recent embodied cognition theories, mental concepts are represented by modality-specific sensory-motor systems.
Much of the evidence for modality-specificity in conceptual processing comes from the property-verification task. When applying
this and other tasks, it is important to select items based on their modality-exclusivity. We collected modality ratings for
a set of 387 properties, each of which was paired with two different concepts, yielding a total of 774 concept-property items.
For each item, participants rated the degree to which the property could be experienced through five perceptual modalities
(vision, audition, touch, smell, and taste). Based on these ratings, we computed a measure of modality exclusivity, the degree
to which a property is perceived exclusively through one sensory modality. In this paper, we briefly sketch the theoretical
background of conceptual knowledge, discuss the use of the property-verification task in cognitive research, provide our norms
and statistics, and validate the norms in a memory experiment. We conclude that our norms are important for researchers studying
modality-specific effects in conceptual processing. 相似文献
873.
This study explored relationships between worry, perceived risk for breast cancer, consulting a genetic counselor, having
genetic testing, and genetic risk for women whose mothers had breast cancer. Analyses involved data from a community-based
phone survey of women whose mothers had breast cancer. Participants were categorized as having low, intermediate, or high
genetic risk based on their reported family history, in accordance with an accepted classification scheme. The Lerman Breast
Cancer Worry Scale measured worry, and participants reported their perceived lifetime likelihood of breast cancer, risk compared
to others, and chance from 1 to 100. ANOVA, chi-square, and multiple regression analyses were conducted as appropriate. One
hundred-fifty women participated. Mean age was 38 years, and 81% were Caucasian. Fifty-two women had low, 74 had intermediate,
and 24 had high genetic risk for breast cancer. There were no significant differences in worry or perceived risk by hereditary
risk category. Most high-risk women (91%) had not spoken with a genetic counselor, and no one had previous genetic testing.
These findings suggest perceived risk, worry about breast cancer, and use of expert consultation do not match the genetic
contribution to risk. There is a need for effectively stratifying and communicating risk in the community and providing tailored
reassurance or referral for high-risk assessment. 相似文献
874.
875.
Although stereotype accuracy is a large, and often controversial, area of psychological research, surprisingly little research has examined the beliefs people have about gender differences in cognitive abilities. This study investigates the accuracy of these beliefs in a sample of 106 highly educated U.S. adults. Participants provided estimates of male and female performance for 12 cognitive tasks and games. These estimates were compared with published data on gender differences on the same 12 cognitive tasks and games. Results showed that participants were generally accurate about the direction of gender differences, but underestimated the size of gender differences. 相似文献
876.
Diane L. Gill Yu-Kai Chang Karen M. Murphy Kathryn M. Speed Cara C. Hammond Enid A. Rodriguez MinJeong Lyu Ya-Ting Shang 《Applied research in quality of life》2011,6(2):181-200
Despite the clear relationship of physical activity and quality of life (QoL), QoL measures are seldom targeted for physical
activity and health promotion. The current research attempted to address that gap by developing a QoL measure based on a conceptual
model that reflects positive health and is relevant for physical activity and health promotion programs. In the project, which
extended over three phases, an initial 70-item QoL survey was administered to university students and community program participants
(total n = 512) along with measures of satisfaction with life and physical activity. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses
revealed clear social, emotional, cognitive, physical, spiritual and functional (ADL) QoL factors as well as integrated QoL.
The resulting 32-item QoL Survey fits the conceptual model, demonstrates logical relationships with physical activity and
has sufficient psychometric properties for use in related research and health promotion programs. 相似文献
877.
May Ling Halim Diane N. Ruble David M. Amodio 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2011,5(11):933-949
In middle childhood, many girls go through a curious metamorphosis, in which their earlier embrace of all‐things‐feminine appears to transform into an identity as a tomboy. We believe this striking shift, observed in girls but not boys, signifies a critical development in children’s socio‐cognitive functioning, with implications for their understanding of gender as it relates to their identity and their social relationships. In this article, we review the evidence for this identity shift and present a theoretical account that integrates ideas from social cognition and social development. We argue that this identity shift involves the emergence of public regard and status awareness, with concurrent increases in the complexity with which knowledge associated with gender categories is represented in the mind. We then posit that these changes have important implications for the developmental trajectory of implicit and explicit gender attitudes and stereotypes, and we present a set of predictions generated by our theoretical analysis. 相似文献
878.
Kalpesh?Kapoor Kamal?LodayaEmail author Uday?S.?Reddy 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2011,40(5):583-632
Reasoning about concurrent programs involves representing the information that concurrent processes manipulate disjoint portions
of memory. In sophisticated applications, the division of memory between processes is not static. Through operations, processes
can exchange the implied ownership of memory cells. In addition, processes can also share ownership of cells in a controlled
fashion as long as they perform operations that do not interfere, e.g., they can concurrently read shared cells. Thus the
traditional paradigm of distributed computing based on locations is replaced by a paradigm of concurrent computing which is
more tightly based on program structure. Concurrent Separation Logic with Permissions, developed by O’Hearn, Bornat et al.,
is able to represent sophisticated transfer of ownership and permissions between processes. We demonstrate how these ideas
can be used to reason about fine-grained concurrent programs which do not employ explicit synchronization operations to control
interference but cooperatively manipulate memory cells so that interference is avoided. Reasoning about such programs is challenging
and appropriate logical tools are necessary to carry out the reasoning in a reliable fashion. We argue that Concurrent Separation
Logic with Permissions provides such tools. We illustrate the logical techniques by presenting the proof of a concurrent garbage
collector originally studied by Dijkstra et al., and extended by Lamport to handle multiple user processes. 相似文献
879.
Although numerous investigations of overt aggressive and antisocial trajectories have been undertaken, there is a dearth of literature examining gender differences and similarities in trajectory patterns and their correlates. To address these gaps, we investigated gender differences in the prevalence rates, predictive validity during transition to adulthood, childhood risk factors, and adolescent correlates of different trajectories of teacher-reported overt aggression (i.e., fights, argues, gets in trouble) among 220 participants (116 girls and 104 boys) evaluated annually from grade 4 to grade 12. Four patterns of trajectories were identified: low, increasing (i.e., adolescent-onset), decreasing (i.e., childhood-limited), and high (i.e., childhood-onset). A large proportion of youth, particularly girls, displayed low levels of aggression over time. A small proportion followed the childhood-onset trajectory. Across gender, the childhood-onset trajectory was associated with the highest rates of maladjustment during the transition to adulthood, the highest number of childhood risk factors, and multiple problems during adolescence. The adolescent-onset trajectory was associated with few childhood risk factors, but with high levels of independent status during adolescence. In contrast, the childhood-limited trajectory was associated with several childhood risk factors, but high levels of parental monitoring and school engagement during adolescence. Romantic involvement differentiated the adolescent-onset and childhood-limited trajectories among girls. 相似文献
880.
Child development researchers often discuss a "two-word" stage during language acquisition. However, there is still debate over whether the existence of this stage reflects primarily cognitive or linguistic constraints. Analyses of longitudinal data from two Deaf children, Mei and Cal, not exposed to an accessible first language (American Sign Language - ASL) until the age of 6 years, suggest that a linguistic constraint is observed when cognition is relatively spared. These older children acquiring a first language after delayed exposure exhibit aspects of a two-word stage of language development. Results from intelligence assessments, achievement tests, drawing tasks, and qualitative cognitive analyses show that Mei and Cal are at least of average intelligence and ability. However, results from language analyses clearly show differences from both age peers and younger native signers in the early two-word stage, providing new insights into the nature of this phase of language development. 相似文献