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171.
A wide range of abilities was assessed in 56 high-functioning children with autism and 56 age- and IQ-matched controls. Stepwise discriminant analyses produced good group discrimination for sensory-perceptual, motor, complex language, and complex memory domains but lower agreement for the reasoning domain than previously obtained for adults. Group discrimination did not occur for attention, simple language, simple memory, and visuospatial domains. Findings provide additional support for a complex information-processing model for autism, previously based on adult data, demonstrating a pattern across domains of selective impairments on measures with high demands for integration of information and sparing when demands were low. Children as compared to adults with autism exhibited more prominent sensory-perceptual symptoms and less pronounced reasoning deficits reflecting brain maturation. 相似文献
172.
173.
Lane SM Roussel CC Villa D Morita SK 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2007,33(6):1131-1142
Three experiments explored the issue of whether enhanced metamnemonic knowledge at retrieval can improve participants' ability to make difficult source discriminations in the context of the eyewitness suggestibility paradigm. The 1st experiment documented differences in phenomenal experience between veridical and false memories. Experiment 2 revealed that drawing participants' attention to these differences by pairing the ratings of the features with instructions about their utility was successful in reducing source misattributions of suggested items to the event. The results of Experiment 3 showed that participants can make online adjustments in the types of evidence used to make source judgments, as participants who received correct feedback during the training portion of the test reduced misattribution errors on the remainder of the test where feedback was not provided. Altogether, these studies suggest that people can discover and benefit from updated knowledge of the types of memorial evidence that discriminate between sources of information in memory. 相似文献
174.
Diane E. Mack Heather A. Strong Kent C. Kowalski Peter R. E. Crocker 《Journal of applied social psychology》2007,37(6):1248-1264
The role of peer group composition and influence variables on social physique anxiety was examined. Peer network data were gathered on 375 adolescents (181 male, 194 female). Females reported experiencing higher social physique anxiety, more pressure and encouragement to alter their physique from peers, greater body‐related discussion, and greater identification with the peer group than did males. Regression analyses revealed 2 peer influence variables—peer pressure and relative attractiveness of peers—to be significant predictors of social physique anxiety. A third variable—extent to which the individual identified with peer network—was a significant predictor for females. Results are discussed in reference to previous research, and future research directions are identified. 相似文献
175.
The authors studied multiple parenting cognitions and practices in European American mothers (N=262) who ranged from 15 to 47 years of age. All were 1st-time parents of 20-month-old children. Some age effects were 0; others were linear or nonlinear. Nonlinear age effects determined by spline regression showed significant associations to a "knot" age (approximately 30 years), with little or no association afterward. For parenting cognitions and practices that are age-sensitive, a 2-phase model of parental development is proposed. The findings stress the importance of considering maternal chronological age as a factor in developmental study. 相似文献
176.
Recent advances in understanding prejudice and intergroup behavior have made clear that emotions help explain people's reactions to social groups and their members. Intergroup emotions theory (D. M. Mackie, T. Devos, & E. R. Smith, 2000; E. R. Smith, 1993) holds that intergroup emotions are experienced by individuals when they identify with a social group, making the group part of the psychological self. What differentiates such group-level emotions from emotions that occur purely at the individual level? The authors argue that 4 key criteria define group-level emotions: Group emotions are distinct from the same person's individual-level emotions, depend on the person's degree of group identification, are socially shared within a group, and contribute to regulating intragroup and intergroup attitudes and behavior. Evidence from 2 studies supports all 4 of these predictions and thus points to the meaningfulness, coherence, and functionality of group-level emotions. 相似文献
177.
Larry E. Humes Thomas A. Busey James C. Craig Diane Kewley-Port 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2009,71(4):860-871
Differences in sensory function between young (n 5 42, 18—31 years old) and older (n 5 137, 60—88 years old) adults were examined for auditory, visual, and tactile measures of threshold sensitivity and temporal acuity (gap-detection threshold). For all but one of the psychophysical measures (visual gap detection), multiple measures were obtained at different stimulus frequencies for each modality and task. This resulted in a total of 14 dependent measures, each based on four to six adaptive psychophysical estimates of 75% correct performance. In addition, all participants completed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Wechsler, 1997). Mean data confirmed previously observed differences in performance between young and older adults for 13 of the 14 dependent measures (all but visual threshold at a flicker frequency of 4 Hz). Correlational and principalcomponents factor analyses performed on the data from the 137 older adults were generally consistent with task and modality independence of the psychophysical measures. 相似文献
178.
Marjolein Luman Steffen J. P. van Noesel Alky Papanikolau Janneke Van Oostenbruggen-Scheffer Diane Veugelers Joseph A. Sergeant Jaap Oosterlaan 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(8):1123-1135
This study compared children with ADHD-only, ADHD+ODD and normal controls (age 8–12) on three key neurocognitive functions:
response inhibition, reinforcement sensitivity, and temporal information processing. The goal was twofold: (a) to investigate
neurocognitive impairments in children with ADHD-only and children with ADHD+ODD, and (b) to test whether ADHD+ODD is a more
severe from of ADHD in terms of neurocognitive performance. In Experiment 1, inhibition abilities were measured using the
Stop Task. In Experiment 2, reinforcement sensitivity and temporal information processing abilities were measured using a
Timing Task with both a reward and penalty condition. Compared to controls, children with ADHD-only demonstrated impaired
inhibitory control, showed more time underestimations, and showed performance deterioration in the face of reward and penalty.
Children with ADHD+ODD performed in-between children with ADHD-only and controls in terms of inhibitory controls and the tendency
to underestimate time, but were more impaired than controls and children with ADHD-only in terms of timing variability. In
the face of reward and penalty children with ADHD+ODD improved their performance compared to a neutral condition, in contrast
to children with ADHD-only. In the face of reward, the performance improvement in the ADHD+ODD group was disproportionally
larger than that of controls. Taken together the findings suggest that, in terms of neurocognitive functioning, comorbid ADHD+ODD
is a substantial different entity than ADHD-only. 相似文献
179.
Michelle Proulx Marie-Dominique Beaulieu Christine Loignon Marie-Hélène Mayrand Christine Maugard Nathalie Bellavance Diane Provencher 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(2):160-172
Although the discovery of mutations on BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes associated with high breast cancer risk has given rise to screening
and surveillance initiatives, there is little documentation on why high-risk women choose to enter screening programs. The
objective of this qualitative study was to develop a detailed understanding of the experiences and decisions that motivate
women with increased risk of hereditary breast cancer to participate in the multicentered Quebec experimental breast screening
program. Our study involved 21 participants who were either BRCA carriers or at risk and untested. These women were interviewed
while participating in the screening program. Our study demonstrates that intensive screening programs may provide valuable
reassurance for women with increased familial risk of hereditary breast cancer, who count on early detection and rapid response
from professionals if and when a problem arises. Health professionals must take these and others concerns into account to
ensure their interventions are most consistent with women’s needs. 相似文献
180.
We investigated the effects of familiarity on person perception. We predicted that familiarity would increase non‐analytic processing, reducing attention to and the impact of individuating information, and increasing the impact of category labels on judgments about a target person. In two studies participants read either incriminating or exculpatory individuating information about a defendant in a criminal case and made judgments of guilt. In Study 1, participants were subliminally exposed to the defendant's photo, another matched photo, or no photo before seeing the evidence. Participants familiar with the defendant's photo both processed and used the individuating information less. In Study 2, participants were subtly made familiar or not with the incriminating and exculpatory information itself, and the defendant was described either as a priest or as a skinhead. Familiarity with the information reduced attention to its content and also tended to increase reliance on category information in guilt judgments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献