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971.
The problem of tax evasion and subsequent revenue loss is an important one for our nation. Noncompliance with tax laws causes multibillion dollar annual losses for the U.S. treasury. An investigation of psychological variables is suggested as the most promising route to increase tax compliance. Hence, a review of the legal, economic, sociological, and psychological literature concerning the motivation and causes of noncompliance with tax laws is presented. Theoretical models and empirical studies addressing the issue of tax evasion are reviewed. An individual's feelings of equity and sense of norm commitment may be the crucial factors in the decision to comply or evade legally mandated taxes, superseding the notion of sanctions as the most effective deterrent. A legal reasoning model is one suggested alternative in the search for a causal explanation of noncompliance. 相似文献
972.
973.
In three studies, cartoons were rated for aggression, pain, and funniness in order to determine whether aggression, pain, or both correlated with funniness and whether a positive or inverted-U function described the relationship. Pain correlated more reliably with funniness than did aggression. A probable explanation for this is that cartoons showed greater variability in pain than in aggression ratings, since pain could be self-inflicted or could result from a mishap or from another's aggression. Funniness increased to asymptote within the first third of the pain dimension and was unaffected by further pain increases. No significant downward trend in funniness was observed with increased pain ratings. The results were interpreted by assuming that cartoon violence is a salient dimension, in which to create discrepancies, and that the discrepancies were reflected in the pain ratings.These studies were supported by Ball State University Research Grants. 相似文献
974.
Diane Dulude Stphane Sabourin Yvan Lussier John Wright 《International journal of psychology》1990,25(2):439-454
The present study investigates the relation among attributions, attributional complexity, and marital satisfaction. More specifically, we examine the value of attributional complexity as a possible moderator in the relationship between attributions and marital satisfaction. Seventy-four French Canadian couples completed the Marital Attributional Style Questionnaire, the Conflict Rating Scale, the Attributional Complexity Scale, and the Dyadic Adjustement Scale. The results corroborate the existence of a relationship between attributions and marital satisfaction. Against predictions, attributional complexity does not seem to moderate the relation between attributional style and marital satisfaction. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
975.
Johnny L. Matson Jay A. Sevin Diane Fridley Steven R. Love 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1990,23(2):227-233
A time delay procedure was used to increase spontaneous verbalizations of 3 autistic children. Multiple baseline across behaviors designs were used with target responses, selected via a social validation procedure, of two spontaneous responses (“please” and “thank you”) and one verbally prompted response (“you're welcome”). The results indicate gains across target behaviors for all children, with occurrence across other stimuli and settings. These gains were validated socially with 10 adults. Furthermore, increases in appropriate language had no effect on levels of inappropriate speech. 相似文献
976.
Diane J. Bannerman Jan B. Sheldon James A. Sherman Alan E. Harchik 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1990,23(1):79-89
In the pursuit of efficient habilitation, many service providers exercise a great deal of control over the lives of clients with developmental disabilities. For example, service providers often choose the client's habilitative goals, determine the daily schedule, and regulate access to preferred activities. This paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of allowing clients to exercise personal liberties, such as the right to choose and refuse daily activities. On one hand, poor choices on the part of the client could hinder habilitation. On the other hand, moral and legal issues arise when the client's right to choice is abridged. Recommendations are offered to protect both the right to habilitation and the freedom to choose. 相似文献
977.
Beatrice Beebe Diane Alson Joseph Jaffe Stanley Feldstein Cynthia Crown 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》1988,17(3):245-259
Turn-taking is the fundamental temporal structure of adult dialogue. This structure defines two types of joint silence: intrapersonal pause (silence bounded by the vocalizations of a single speaker) and switching pause (silence bounded by the vocalizations of different speakers). Switching pauses mark the boundaries of the turn exchange. In adult conversation the mean durations of both types of pause are characteristically matched between partners. This matching, termed vocal congruence, occurs developmentally earlier in the case of switching pauses. We hypothesized and confirmed that mothers and infants match switching pauses but not intrapersonal pauses at 4 months, even though the infants' vocalizations are prelinguistic. Second, since there are known affective correlates of vocal congruence in adult conversation, we hypothesized a similar affective correlate for mother-infant vocal congruence. We found, for the intrapersonal pause only, that the degree of matching within a dyad correlated with infant affective engagement. We conclude, from switching pause congruence, that a turntaking dialogic structure is being regulated in the mother-infant pair at 4 months in the same way as seen in adult conversation. Thus, both the temporal structure of adult dialogue and its affective correlate are prelinguistic.Supported in part by NIMH grant No. 41675. 相似文献
978.
Marsha D. Walton Diane Sachs Rebecca Ellington Amy Hazlewood Shane Griffin Dawn Bass 《Sex roles》1988,18(5-6):323-331
Previous research has demonstrated several similarities in the reaction of others to pregnant and to physically stigmatized individuals. This study recorded helping behavior (assistance in picking up scattered keys) directed toward an apparently pregnant, nonpregnant, or facially disfigured woman in an elevator either alone, with a female companion, or with a male companion. A predicted interaction revealed that significantly more assistance was given to the pregnant woman than to either of the other two only when she was alone or with a female companion; she was helped less than the non-pregnant experimenter when she was accompanied by a male. Differences and similarities in the norms that govern behavior toward pregnant women and the physically stigmatized are discussed in light of their relevance to women's development during the childbearing years. The well-documented negative effect of group size on helping was replicated. Unexpected sex differences were found in rate of helping. Women virtually never helped in this situation—even in all-female groups. These findings are discussed in light of previous work on sex differences in helping.Preparation of this article was supported by a faculty development grant awarded to the first author by Rhodes College. We wish to thank Bella DePaulo, Robert Vidulich, and Chris Wetzel for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of the paper. 相似文献
979.
关于同化和对比错觉的实验研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文以Delbouef同心圆错觉图为材料,应用认知方式,控制注意,改变刺激和注视条件等变量,在三个实验中考察了同化错觉和对比错觉在机制上的区别和联系。结果发现,场依存性认知方式特征与同化错觉有显著正相关,对比错觉反之。利用指示语控制被试注意于测验成分时,显著的错觉减弱只出现在对比图形中。此外,在一般指示下两种错觉都因背景成分减弱轮廓的亮度对比而减弱,但在选择性指示的条件下,类似减弱只出现在同化错觉中。视角加大时显著地减弱同化错觉,却加大对比错觉。使用“减弱错觉”方法,即在多次连续判断中减小错觉量只在超中央窝(大视角)的观看条件下有显著效应。所有这些结果都难于用错觉产生的生理学模式和单因素认知模式来说明。因此,我们认为错觉是一种复杂的知觉加工活动的产物。在已有的各种错觉理论中,合成的认知性“集合与存储”模式(“Pool and Store Model”,Coren & Girgus,1978)似乎是最好的解释。 相似文献
980.