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901.
Sabrina S. Chiarella Susanne Kristen Diane Poulin-Dubois Beate Sodian 《Journal of cognition and development》2013,14(3):480-498
Recent studies suggest that there appears to be a similar developmental sequence in the understanding of mental states in both internal-state language and in standard theory-of-mind tasks. These findings suggest possible developmental relations between children's ability to talk and think about the mind. Two experiments investigated the concurrent relations between internal-state vocabulary and theory-of-mind abilities in 30-month-old toddlers. In Experiment 1, children's internal-state language vocabulary was significantly and specifically related to their concurrent understanding of others' visual and emotional perspectives and was less strongly related to desire understanding. Experiment 2 replicated and extended these findings by examining the link between internal-state vocabulary and visual perspective-taking and comprehension of own versus other's desire, controlling for general verbal skills. Children with a more developed internal-state vocabulary performed better on perspective-taking tasks. These findings suggest that labeling and reasoning about mental states are related abilities at the early stages of theory-of-mind development. 相似文献
902.
Ellen Bialystok Raluca Barac Agnes Blaye Diane Poulin-Dubois 《Journal of cognition and development》2013,14(4):485-508
The effect of bilingualism on the cognitive skills of young children was investigated by comparing performance of 162 children who belonged to one of two age groups (approximately 3- and 4.5-year-olds) and one of three language groups on a series of tasks examining executive control and word mapping. The children were monolingual English speakers, monolingual French speakers, or bilinguals who spoke English and one of a large number of other languages. Monolinguals obtained higher scores than bilinguals on a receptive vocabulary test and were more likely to demonstrate the mutual exclusivity constraint, especially at the younger ages. However, bilinguals obtained higher scores than both groups of monolinguals on three tests of executive functioning: Luria's tapping task measuring response inhibition, the opposite worlds task requiring children to assign incongruent labels to a sequence of animal pictures, and reverse categorization in which children needed to reclassify a set of objects into incongruent categories after an initial classification. There were no differences between the groups in the attentional networks flanker task requiring executive control to ignore a misleading cue. This evidence for a bilingual advantage in aspects of executive functioning at an earlier age than previously reported is discussed in terms of the possibility that bilingual language production may not be the only source of these developmental effects. 相似文献
903.
Second language (L2) instruction programs often ask learners to repeat aloud words spoken by a native speaker. However, recent research on retrieval practice has suggested that imitating native pronunciation might be less effective than drill instruction, wherein the learner is required to produce the L2 words from memory (and given feedback). We contrasted the effectiveness of imitation and retrieval practice drills on learning L2 spoken vocabulary. Learners viewed pictures of objects and heard their names; in the imitation condition, they heard and then repeated aloud each name, whereas in the retrieval practice condition, they tried to produce the name before hearing it. On a final test administered either immediately after training (Exp. 1) or after a 2-day delay (Exp. 2), retrieval practice produced better comprehension of the L2 words, better ability to produce the L2 words, and no loss of pronunciation quality. 相似文献
904.
This study explored relationships between worry, perceived risk for breast cancer, consulting a genetic counselor, having
genetic testing, and genetic risk for women whose mothers had breast cancer. Analyses involved data from a community-based
phone survey of women whose mothers had breast cancer. Participants were categorized as having low, intermediate, or high
genetic risk based on their reported family history, in accordance with an accepted classification scheme. The Lerman Breast
Cancer Worry Scale measured worry, and participants reported their perceived lifetime likelihood of breast cancer, risk compared
to others, and chance from 1 to 100. ANOVA, chi-square, and multiple regression analyses were conducted as appropriate. One
hundred-fifty women participated. Mean age was 38 years, and 81% were Caucasian. Fifty-two women had low, 74 had intermediate,
and 24 had high genetic risk for breast cancer. There were no significant differences in worry or perceived risk by hereditary
risk category. Most high-risk women (91%) had not spoken with a genetic counselor, and no one had previous genetic testing.
These findings suggest perceived risk, worry about breast cancer, and use of expert consultation do not match the genetic
contribution to risk. There is a need for effectively stratifying and communicating risk in the community and providing tailored
reassurance or referral for high-risk assessment. 相似文献
905.
906.
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) does not include verbal IQ and performance IQ scores, as provided in previous editions of the scale; rather, this edition provides comparisons among four index scores, allowing analysis of an individual's WAIS-IV performance in more discrete domains of cognitive ability. To supplement the pairwise index score comparisons included in the WAIS-IV manuals, this article describes the use of the mean of the four index scores (the average index score) as a baseline for analyzing index score variability and as a method for identifying strengths and weaknesses within an individual's index score pattern. Davis's formula was used to calculate critical values for the identification of index scores with a statistically significant difference from the average index score. Subsequent analysis of the WAIS-IV normative sample indicates that variability in performance at the index score level is not uncommon in the general population. More than 70% of individuals in the normative sample have at least one index score that differs significantly from their mean index score. This variability in index score performance appears to have little relationship to age or gender, but it is strongly related to the full-scale IQ. 相似文献
907.
908.
This study examined adults’ evaluations of likeability and attractiveness of children’s faces from infancy to early childhood. We tested whether Lorenz’s baby schema hypothesis (Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie (1943), Vol. 5, pp. 235-409) is applicable not only to infant faces but also to faces of children at older ages. Adult participants were asked to evaluate children’s faces from early infancy to 6 years of age in terms of their likeability and attractiveness, and these judgments were compared with those of adult faces. It was revealed that adults judged faces of younger children as more likeable and attractive than faces of older children, which were in turn judged as more likeable and attractive than adult faces. However, after approximately 4.5 years of age, the baby schema no longer affected adults’ judgments of children’s facial likeability and attractiveness. These findings suggest that the baby schema affects adults’ judgments of not only infant faces but also young children’s faces. This influence beyond infancy is likely due to the fact that facial cranial growth is gradual during early childhood and certain crucial infantile facial cues remain readily available during this period. Future studies need to identify these specific cues to better understand why adults generally show positive responses to infantile faces and how such positive responses influence the establishment and maintenance of social relationships between young children and adults. 相似文献
909.
According to recent embodied cognition theories, mental concepts are represented by modality-specific sensory-motor systems.
Much of the evidence for modality-specificity in conceptual processing comes from the property-verification task. When applying
this and other tasks, it is important to select items based on their modality-exclusivity. We collected modality ratings for
a set of 387 properties, each of which was paired with two different concepts, yielding a total of 774 concept-property items.
For each item, participants rated the degree to which the property could be experienced through five perceptual modalities
(vision, audition, touch, smell, and taste). Based on these ratings, we computed a measure of modality exclusivity, the degree
to which a property is perceived exclusively through one sensory modality. In this paper, we briefly sketch the theoretical
background of conceptual knowledge, discuss the use of the property-verification task in cognitive research, provide our norms
and statistics, and validate the norms in a memory experiment. We conclude that our norms are important for researchers studying
modality-specific effects in conceptual processing. 相似文献
910.