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241.
Cofta-Woerpel L McClure JB Li Y Urbauer D Cinciripini PM Wetter DW 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2011,120(3):596-606
Aversive symptoms of abstinence from nicotine have been posited to lead to smoking relapse and research on temporal patterns of abstinence symptoms confirms this assumption. However, little is known about the association of symptom trajectories early after quitting with postcessation smoking or about the differential effects of tonic (background) versus phasic (temptation-related) symptom trajectories on smoking status. The current study examined trajectories of urge and negative mood among 300 women using the nicotine patch during the first postcessation week. Ecological momentary assessments collected randomly and during temptation episodes were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling yielding four individual trajectory parameters: intercept (initial symptom level), linear slope (direction and rate of change), quadratic coefficient (curvature), and volatility (scatter). Early lapsers, who lapsed during the first postcessation week, exhibited more severe tonic urge and phasic negative mood immediately after quitting, and more volatile tonic and phasic urge compared to abstainers. Late lapsers, who were abstinent during the first week but lapsed by 1 month, exhibited more severe tonic urge immediately after quitting compared to abstainers. These results demonstrate the importance of early postcessation urge and negative affect and highlight the value of examining both tonic and phasic effects of abstinence from nicotine. 相似文献
242.
Diana J. Leonard Diane M. Mackie Eliot R. Smith 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2011,47(6):1198-1206
According to intergroup emotion theory, the impact of many intergroup events on intergroup outcomes is mediated by group-directed emotions. We demonstrate that the ability of apology to reduce retribution against and increase forgiveness of a transgressing outgroup is contributed to by discrete intergroup emotions. We examined both negative (anger and fear) and positive (respect and satisfaction) emotions directed toward the transgressing outgroup. Apology reduced the desire for retribution whereas lack of apology increased it, and outgroup-directed anger uniquely mediated this effect. In contrast, apology increased and lack of apology decreased forgiveness, particularly when the ingroup responded to the transgression, and only outgroup-directed respect mediated this effect. These results provide the first evidence that intergroup emotions can mediate the impact of apology on intergroup relations outcomes. 相似文献
243.
Diana E. Krause Robert J. Rossberger Kim Dowdeswell Nadene Venter Tina Joubert 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2011,19(3):262-275
Despite the popularity of assessment centers (AC) in South Africa, no recent study exists that describes AC practices in that region. Given this research gap, we conducted a survey study that analyzes the development, execution, and evaluation of ACs in N=43 South African organizations. We report findings regarding AC design, job analysis and job requirements assessed, target groups and positions of the participants after the AC, number and kind of exercises used, additional diagnostic methods used, assessors and characteristics considered in constitution of the assessor pool, observational systems and rotation plan, characteristics, contents, and methods of assessor training, types of information provided to participants, data integration process, use of self‐ and peer‐rating, characteristics of the feedback process, and features after the AC. Finally, we compare the results with professional suggestions to identify pros and cons in current South African AC practices and offer suggestions for improvement. 相似文献
244.
Diana Espírito Santo 《Religion》2017,47(2):179-202
This article explores perceived changes in patterns of consciousness in relation to possession phenomena among a sector of urban practitioners of the Brazilian religion of Umbanda, and argues that these perceptions have been accompanied by the emergence of a more individualist approach to religious selfhood which aims to lay claim to a particular vision of Umbanda. These Umbandists understand their spirit universe in ontologically plastic terms, relativizing spirit identities much like Umbanda’s founders. The increasing emphasis given to conscious forms of possession tallies with a relatively new attention to the self and its awareness of tradition, thought to be lacking in previous generations. This article also defends that we can produce an anthropological understanding of possession as having cosmogonic rather than just expressive effects. 相似文献
245.
Photography and Social Media Use in Community‐Based Participatory Research with Youth: Ethical Considerations 下载免费PDF全文
Maryam Kia‐Keating Diana Santacrose Sabrina Liu 《American journal of community psychology》2017,60(3-4):375-384
Community‐based participatory researchers increasingly incorporate photography and social media into their work. Despite its relative infancy, social media has created a powerful network that allows individuals to convey messages quickly to a widespread audience. In addition to its potential benefits, the use of social media in research also carries risk, given the fast pace of exchanges, sharing of personal images and ideas in high accessibility, low privacy contexts and continually shifting options and upgrades. This article contributes to the literature examining ethical considerations for photography and social media use in community‐based participatory research. We describe three key ethical dilemmas that we encountered during our participatory photography project with Latina/o youth: (a) use and content of images and risk; (b) incentives and coercion; and (c) social media activity and confidentiality. We provide our responses to these challenges, contextualized in theory and practice, and share lessons learned. We raise the question of how to contend with cultural shifts in boundaries and privacy. We propose that evaluating participant vulnerability versus potential empowerment may be more fitting than the standard approach of assessing risks and benefits. Finally, we recommend upholding the principles of participatory research by co‐producing ethical practices with one's participants. 相似文献
246.
Embodied theories of language propose that word meaning is inextricably tied to—grounded in—mental representations of perceptual,
motor, and affective experiences of the world. The four experiments described in this article demonstrate that accessing the
meanings of action verbs like smile, punch, and kick requires language understanders to activate modality-specific cognitive
representations responsible for performing and perceiving those same actions. The main task used is a word-image matching
task, where participants see an action verb and an image depicting an action. Their task is to decide as quickly as possible
whether the verb and the image depict the same action. Of critical interest is participants’ behavior when the verb and image
do not match, in which case the two actions can use the same effector or different effectors. In Experiment 1, we found that
participants took significantly longer to reject a verb-image pair when the actions depicted by the image and denoted by the
verb used the same effector than when they used different effectors. Experiment 2 yielded the same result when the order of
presentation was reversed, replicating the effect in Cantonese. Experiment 3 replicated the effect in English with a verb-verb
near-synonym task, and in Experiment 4, we once again replicated the effect with learners of English as a second language.
This robust interference effect, whereby a shared effector slows discrimination, shows that language understanders activate
effector-specific neurocognitive representations during both picture perception and action word understanding. 相似文献
247.
Diana Carbone Louis A. Schmidt Charles C. Cunningham Angela E. McHolm Shannon Edison Jeff St. Pierre Michael H. Boyle 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(8):1057-1067
We examined differences among 158 children, 44 with selective mutism (SM; M = 8.2 years, SD = 3.4 years), 65 with mixed anxiety (MA; M = 8.9 years, SD = 3.2 years), and 49 community controls (M = 7.7 years, SD = 2.6 years) on primary caregiver, teacher, and child reports of behavioral and socio-emotional functioning. Children with
SM were rated lower than controls on a range of social skills, but the SM and MA groups did not significantly differ on many
of the social skills and anxiety measures. However, children with SM were rated higher than children with MA and controls
on social anxiety. Findings suggest that SM may be conceptualized as an anxiety disorder, with primary deficits in social
functioning and social anxiety. This interpretation supports a more specific classification of SM as an anxiety disorder for
future diagnostic manuals than is currently described in the literature. The present findings also have implications for clinical
practice, whereby social skills training merits inclusion in intervention for children with anxiety disorders as well as children
with SM. 相似文献
248.
Mitchell J. Prinstein Nicole Heilbron John D. Guerry Joseph C. Franklin Diana Rancourt Valerie Simon Anthony Spirito 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(5):669-682
Research suggests that adolescents’ engagement in nonsuicidal self-injurious (NSSI) behaviors may be increasing over time,
yet little is known regarding distal longitudinal factors that may promote engagement in these behaviors. Data from two longitudinal
studies are presented to examine whether NSSI may be associated with peer influence processes. Study 1 included 377 adolescents
from a community-based sample; Study 2 included 140 clinically-referred adolescents recruited from a psychiatric inpatient
facility. In Study 1, adolescents’ NSSI was examined at baseline and one year later. Adolescents’ nominated best friend reported
their own levels of NSSI. In Study 2, adolescents’ NSSI was examined at baseline as well as 9 and 18-months post-baseline.
Adolescents’ perceptions of their friends’ engagement in self-injurious behavior (including suicidality) and depressed mood
also were examined at all three time points. Baseline depressive symptoms were measured in both studies; gender and age were
examined as moderators of peer influence effects. Results from both studies supported longitudinal peer socialization effects
of friends’ self-injurious behavior on adolescents’ own NSSI for girls, but not for boys, even after controlling for depressive
symptoms as a predictor. Study 1 suggested socialization effects mostly for younger youth. Results from Study 2 also suggested
longitudinal socialization effects, as well as peer selection effects; adolescents’ NSSI was associated with increasing perceptions
of their friends’ engagement in depressive/self-injurious thoughts and behavior. Findings contribute to the nascent literature
on longitudinal predictors of NSSI and to work on peer influence. 相似文献
249.
Diana T. Sanchez 《Journal of applied social psychology》2010,40(7):1657-1677
The present study reports on correlational data gathered from an Internet survey to explore why forced‐choice dilemma situations relate to depressive symptoms among multiracial people (N = 317). Specifically, a model was tested that explored the role of identity autonomy (the extent to which multiracial people feel they can racially identify however they desire) and public regard (the extent to which multiracial people think others value their multiracial identity). The results of the model suggest that forced‐choice dilemmas predict greater depressive symptoms because forced‐choice dilemmas may promote greater beliefs that their multiracial identity is devalued in society and more generally restrict identity autonomy. Implications are discussed in terms of multiracial health and public policies regarding assessments of racial identities. 相似文献
250.
In Experiment 1, separate samples rated nouns on danger, using either an online survey or the same survey in person. In Experiment
2, a single sample rated words on familiarity, using both methods. Women’s in-person and online ratings correlated significantly
better than men’s. In-person ratings correlated significantly better with existing norms in 4 of 8 instances. There were significant
effects of condition on mean ratings and completion times. Ratings from participants who withdrew from the experiment correlated
significantly less well with existing norms than did ratings from those who completed the whole experiment, in 12 of 16 instances.
Analysis of existing data showed that a different statistical conclusion is reached depending on whether in-person or online
ratings are used. Furthermore, the categorization of 17.9% (Experiment 1) and 5.3% (Experiment 2) of the items as high or low depends on which ratings are used. Ratings gathered in person and online cannot be freely substituted. 相似文献