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151.
Motivational Basis of Personality Traits: A Meta‐Analysis of Value‐Personality Correlations 下载免费PDF全文
We investigated the relationships between personality traits and basic value dimensions. Furthermore, we developed novel country‐level hypotheses predicting that contextual threat moderates value‐personality trait relationships. We conducted a three‐level v‐known meta‐analysis of correlations between Big Five traits and Schwartz's (1992) 10 values involving 9,935 participants from 14 countries. Variations in contextual threat (measured as resource threat, ecological threat, and restrictive social institutions) were used as country‐level moderator variables. We found systematic relationships between Big Five traits and human values that varied across contexts. Overall, correlations between Openness traits and the Conservation value dimension and Agreeableness traits and the Transcendence value dimension were strongest across all samples. Correlations between values and all personality traits (except Extraversion) were weaker in contexts with greater financial, ecological, and social threats. In contrast, stronger personality‐value links are typically found in contexts with low financial and ecological threats and more democratic institutions and permissive social context. These effects explained on average more than 10% of the variability in value‐personality correlations. Our results provide strong support for systematic linkages between personality and broad value dimensions, but they also point out that these relations are shaped by contextual factors. 相似文献
152.
153.
Rodríguez-Durán LF Castillo DV Moguel-González M Escobar ML 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2011,95(4):519-526
The ability of neurons to modify their synaptic strength in an activity-dependent manner has a crucial role in learning and memory processes. It has been proposed that homeostatic forms of plasticity might provide the global regulation necessary to maintain synaptic strength and plasticity within a functional dynamic range. Similarly, it is considered that the capacity of synapses to express plastic changes is itself subject to variation dependent on previous experience. In particular, training in several behavioral tasks modifies the possibility to induce long-term potentiation (LTP). Our previous studies in the insular cortex (IC) have shown that induction of LTP in the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (Bla)-IC projection previous to conditioned taste aversion (CTA) training enhances the retention of this task. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether CTA training modifies the ability to induce subsequent LTP in the Bla-IC projection in vivo. Thus, CTA trained rats received high frequency stimulation in the Bla-IC projection in order to induce LTP 48, 72, 96 and 120 h after the aversion test. Our results show that CTA training prevents the subsequent induction of LTP in the Bla-IC projection, for at least 120 h after CTA training. We also showed that pharmacological inhibition of CTA consolidation with anisomycin (1 μl/side; 100 μg/μl) prevents the CTA effect on IC-LTP. These findings reveal that CTA training produces a persistent change in the ability to induce subsequent LTP in the Bla-IC projection in a protein-synthesis dependent manner, suggesting that changes in the ability to induce subsequent synaptic plasticity contribute to the formation and persistence of aversive memories. 相似文献
154.
Serge Piccinin Ph.D. Michael Mccarrey David Fairweather Diana Vito Gretchen Conrad 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1998,17(1):75-92
This study compares the motivation and the quality of criticism responses of 697 undergraduates who were divided into three
levels of situation legitimacy (high, moderate, and low) and two levels (top versus bottom 40 percent) of anxiety related
to previous generalized assertiveness behaviours. The impact of gender was also studied. The results showed the legitimacy
of the situation for a critical response (preassessed with peer hold-out groups) significantly affected participants' motivation
to criticize as well as the quality of their critical responses, notwithstanding the poor quality of all criticism responses.
Anxiety related to previous global assertiveness was related to high motivation but not to quality of criticism responses.
There were no gender effects. Results are interpreted within an avoidance learning paradigm wherein the connotative meaning
of criticism is incongruent with harmonious long-term relationships so that it is suppressed until virtually forced by the
specifics of highly legitimate situations. 相似文献
155.
Chambers, Mattingley, and Moss (2004) present a review of research and theory concerning the octave illusion, a phenomenon
that was originally reported by Deutsch (1974). The authors argue against the two-channel model proposed by Deutsch (1975a)
to explain the illusory percept that was most commonly obtained and propose, instead, that the illusion results from binaural
fusion and diplacusis. This article replies to the arguments raised by Chambers et al. (2004) and argues that the octave illusion
and the two-channel model proposed to explain it are in accordance with growing evidence for what-where dissociations in the
auditory system and for illusory conjunctions in hearing. 相似文献
156.
Christopher J. Ferguson Amanda M. Cruz Stephanie M. Rueda Diana E. Ferguson Charles Negy 《Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma》2013,22(4):395-414
Debate remains regarding the interaction between predictor variables for aggression, including family environment, media violence, and personality. The current study examined the contributions of gender and personality, exposure to physical abuse and violence in the family, and exposure to media violence in both television and in video games on violent criminal activity. Data from young adults (n = 355) indicated that personality characteristics and direct physical abuse significantly predicted violent crime. Exposure to television and video game violence were not significant predictors of violent crime. These results elucidate the complex interplay between multiple factors related to the etiology of violent crime. These results also call into question the belief that media violence is involved in the etiology of violent crime. 相似文献
157.
We examined the influence of external recommendations on memory attributions. In two experiments, participants were led to
believe that they were viewing the responses of two prior students to the same memoranda they were currently judging. However,
they were not informed of the reliability of these fictive sources of cues or provided with performance feedback as testing
proceeded. Experiment 1 demonstrated improvement in the presence of reliable source cues (75% valid), as compared to uncued
recognition, whereas performance was unaltered in the presence of random cues provided by an unreliable source (50% valid).
Critically, participants did not ignore the unreliable source, but instead appeared to restrict cue use from both sources
to low-confidence trials on which internal evidence was highly unreliable. Experiment 2 demonstrated that participants continued
to treat an unreliable source as potentially informative even when it was predominantly incorrect (25% valid), highlighting
severe limitations in the ability to adequately discount unreliable or deceptive sources of memory cues. Thus, under anonymous
source conditions, observers appear to use a low-confidence outsourcing strategy, wherein they restrict reliance on external
cues to situations of low confidence. 相似文献
158.
Keriann Little Mary T Hawkins Ann Sanson Meredith O'Connor John W Toumbourou Diana Smart Suzanne Vassallo 《Australian psychologist》2013,48(4):270-280
While a range of factors have been found to increase the likelihood of alcohol‐related harms among young people, little is known about their relative importance. This article aimed to identify the risks for alcohol‐related harms at an age when alcohol use and problems tend to peak in Australia (19–20 years). A wide range of concurrent and antecedent factors from multiple domains were examined using path analysis, including individual characteristics, family environment, and externalising and internalising problems. The sample comprised of 941 individuals from the Australian Temperament Project, a large longitudinal community‐based study. The path model controlled for current risky drinking and revealed a number of variables that were significant longitudinal predictors of alcohol‐related harms within each of the domains, including adolescent antisocial behaviour and drinking behaviour, low agreeableness, impulsivity, and paternal drinking levels. The potential for developmental prevention approaches to reduce alcohol‐related harms by targeting externalising behaviour problems, interpersonal influences, and individual characteristics is discussed. 相似文献
159.
How shared preferences in music create bonds between people: values as the missing link 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Boer D Fischer R Strack M Bond MH Lo E Lam J 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2011,37(9):1159-1171
How can shared music preferences create social bonds between people? A process model is developed in which music preferences as value-expressive attitudes create social bonds via conveyed value similarity. The musical bonding model links two research streams: (a) music preferences as indicators of similarity in value orientations and (b) similarity in value orientations leading to social attraction. Two laboratory experiments and one dyadic field study demonstrated that music can create interpersonal bonds between young people because music preferences can be cues for similar or dissimilar value orientations, with similarity in values then contributing to social attraction. One study tested and ruled out an alternative explanation (via personality similarity), illuminating the differential impact of perceived value similarity versus personality similarity on social attraction. Value similarity is the missing link in explaining the musical bonding phenomenon, which seems to hold for Western and non-Western samples and in experimental and natural settings. 相似文献
160.
The current investigation examined whether the positive association of family conflict to adolescent depression and conduct problems is attenuated by maternal, paternal, and peer attachment, and maternal and paternal monitoring, within a low-income, multiethnic sample of 284 adolescents. Parental attachment and monitoring moderated the link from family conflict to conduct problems but not depression; the relationships among family conflict, the hypothesized protective factors, and conduct problems were further modified by adolescent gender but not ethnicity. In general, higher levels of the hypothesized protective factors attenuated the relationship between family conflict and conduct problems for girls but exacerbated this relationship for boys. These findings suggest that, in general, parental attachment and monitoring served as protective factors for girls while serving as additional risk factors for boys in conflictual families. 相似文献