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191.
London B Downey G Romero-Canyas R Rattan A Tyson D 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2012,102(5):961-979
Building on prior work on rejection sensitivity, we propose a social-cognitive model of gender-based rejection sensitivity (Gender RS) to account for individual differences in how women perceive and cope with gender-based evaluative threats in competitive, historically male institutions. Study 1 develops a measure of Gender RS, defined as anxious expectations of gender-based rejection. Studies 2-5 support the central predictions of the model: Gender RS is associated with increased perceptions of gender-based threats and increased coping by self-silencing--responses that reinforce feelings of alienation and diminished motivation. Study 2 shows that Gender RS is distinct from overall sensitivity to rejection or perceiving the world through the lens of gender. Study 3 shows that Gender RS becomes activated specifically when gender-based rejection is a plausible explanation for negative outcomes. Study 4 provides experimental evidence that Gender RS predicts lower academic self-confidence, greater expectations of bias, and avoidance of opportunities for further help from a weakness-focused expert evaluator. Study 5 tests the Gender RS model in situ, using daily diaries to track women's experiences during the first weeks in a highly competitive law school. Implications for women's coping with the subtle nature of contemporary sexism are discussed as well as the importance of institution-level checks to prevent the costs of gender-based rejection. 相似文献
192.
We examined the influence of external recommendations on memory attributions. In two experiments, participants were led to
believe that they were viewing the responses of two prior students to the same memoranda they were currently judging. However,
they were not informed of the reliability of these fictive sources of cues or provided with performance feedback as testing
proceeded. Experiment 1 demonstrated improvement in the presence of reliable source cues (75% valid), as compared to uncued
recognition, whereas performance was unaltered in the presence of random cues provided by an unreliable source (50% valid).
Critically, participants did not ignore the unreliable source, but instead appeared to restrict cue use from both sources
to low-confidence trials on which internal evidence was highly unreliable. Experiment 2 demonstrated that participants continued
to treat an unreliable source as potentially informative even when it was predominantly incorrect (25% valid), highlighting
severe limitations in the ability to adequately discount unreliable or deceptive sources of memory cues. Thus, under anonymous
source conditions, observers appear to use a low-confidence outsourcing strategy, wherein they restrict reliance on external
cues to situations of low confidence. 相似文献
193.
194.
The literature on recursive theory of mind (TOM) reasoning in interactive decision making (reasoning of the type “I think that you think that I think…”) has been pessimistic, suggesting that adults attribute to others levels of reasoning that are low and slow to increase with learning. In four experiments with college‐age adults playing sequential games, we examined whether choices and predictions were consistent with believing that others pursue their immediate self‐interest, or with believing that others reason through their own decision making, with fixed‐sum games that were simpler and more competitive. This manipulation led to higher‐level default TOM reasoning; indeed, reasoning against a lower‐level opponent was frequently consistent with assuming the opponent's reasoning to be higher‐level, leading to sub‐optimal choices. We conclude that TOM reasoning is not of a low level in all game settings; rather, individuals may display effective TOM reasoning, reflecting realistic assumptions about their opponents, in competitive and relatively simple games. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
195.
Jacob ML Morelen D Suveg C Brown Jacobsen AM Whiteside SP 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2012,25(2):229-237
Abstract The current study examined specific emotional, behavioral, and cognitive variables that may distinguish obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia (SoP), and separation anxiety disorder (SAD) in youth. Youth with OCD (n=26) and other anxiety disorders (ADs; n=31), aged 7-12 years (56.1% males), and their parents participated. The study compared the two anxious groups on levels of emotional, behavioral, and cognitive functioning, as well as impairment associated with the disorder. Results indicated that in comparison to youth with GAD, SoP, or SAD, youth with OCD were found to have poorer emotion regulation skills, as well as greater oppositionality, cognitive problems/inattention, and parent impairment associated with the disorder. The findings suggest that there are unique characteristics of OCD that may differentiate this disorder from other ADs in youth. Potential clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
196.
197.
Danielle B. Harlow Hilary A. Dwyer Alexandria K. Hansen Ashley O. Iveland Diana M. Franklin 《认知与教导》2013,31(3):224-246
AbstractThis article integrates an ecological approach and design-based research in computer science education research by following the simultaneous development of a computer programming environment and curriculum for elementary school age children over 2-1/2 years. We studied the alignment of the affordances provided by the programming environment and curriculum with the effectivities of students in 4th through 6th grade (9-12 years old). We used the computer science concept of initializing as a tracer idea and both qualitative and quantitative data to identify mismatches between the affordances provided by our programming environment and the learners’ effectivities. These included requisite mathematical skills, confusion between resetting and setting up, and incorrectly assuming that features of the programming environment conveyed information. We then describe how we addressed the mismatches by removing or adding functionality to the programming environment, adding signifiers, adapting the curriculum to include scaffolding related to the effectivities, or removing activities. 相似文献
198.
John Hunsley Marlene Best Monique Lefebvre Diana Vito 《The American journal of family therapy》2013,41(4):325-335
Two studies examine psychometric aspects of the seven-item version of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) (Spanier, 1976). In Study 1, data from 148 heterosexual clients seeking marital therapy services and 122 heterosexual couples in the community were used to assess the criterion validity of the DAS-7. The measure differentiated between clinic and community participants and between marriages classified as distressed or adjusted based on the full DAS score. In Study 2, the reliability and convergent validity of the DAS7, when administered as a separate scale, was assessed in a community sample of 162 participants who were married or were in cohabiting heterosexual relationships. Obtained values were comparable to those reported in previous research in which the DAS-7 was obtained by extracting items from participants' full DAS. These results demonstrate that the DAS-7 is a psychometrically sound short form for assessing marital adjustment. 相似文献
199.
Dr. med. Diana Pflichthofer 《Forum der Psychoanalyse》2013,29(2):201-222
In this article the author discusses two aspects of psychoanalysis which in contrast to other fields have received little attention in the specialist literature: (a) the end of the analysis and (b) the postanalytical relationship between analysand and analyst. The circumstances of this specialist lag are seen among others as being due to unresolved fears and demands still remaining in the unconscious mind for both sides of the analytical pair. In that the author turns against the metaphor of death as the end of an analysis it is apostrophied as a separation process and developed into aspects, such as objectivity, process of sorrow, loss suffering, gain of relief, return and departure as well as dialectically folded gain of autonomy. In this way separation and binding can be simultaneously understood as essential features of every psychotherapy. The postanalytical relationship patterns will be illustrated according to the various starting positions, therapeutic or training analysis relationship, in each case internal and external reality and again for both sides of the analytical pair. The author is also especially concerned with the practical consequences in the reacquaintance of trainee and trainer. The cooperation on the dissolution of the original fascination of psychoanalysis and its allure is promoted. Both are required to be successful but both must be transferred into the (new) reality, whereby the analyst, even against internal self-resistance, must offer help because the analysand will only gradually be freed from the fascination and allure and be able to mourn and also in time welcome this loss. 相似文献
200.
In the present study, we focus on Spanish language ability as a predictor of the extent to which Latinos are viewed by both others and themselves as full-fledged minorities. Study 1 shows that perceivers viewed Latinos described as Spanish speakers as more appropriate for race-based affirmative action than Latinos who were unable to speak Spanish (controlling for intellectual competence evaluations). Moreover, the affirmative action advantage that the Spanish-speaking Latinos had over the non-Spanish-speaking Latinos was explained by perceivers viewing the Spanish speakers as having greater minority status. The results of Study 2 suggest that Spanish-speaking ability is related to self-perceptions of minority status among Latinos. Like their perceivers in Study 1, Latinos who have less Spanish-speaking ability feel less Latino and report reluctance to apply for race-based assistance in the form of academic minority scholarships. 相似文献