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171.
Striking changes in sensitivity to tonality across the pitch range are reported. Participants were presented a key-defining context (do-mi-do-sol) followed by one of the 12 chromatic tones of the octave, and rated the goodness of fit of the probe tone to the context. The set of ratings, called the probe-tone profile, was compared to an established standardised profile for the Western tonal hierarchy. The presentation of context and probe tones at low and high pitch registers resulted in significantly reduced sensitivity to tonality. Sensitivity was especially poor for presentations in the lowest octaves where inharmonicity levels were substantially above the threshold for detection. We propose that sensitivity to tonality may be influenced by pitch salience (or a co-varying factor such as exposure to pitch distributional information) as well as suprathreshold inharmonicity. 相似文献
172.
Deconstructing executive deficits among persons with autism: implications for cognitive neuroscience
Individuals with autism demonstrate impairments on measures of executive function (EF) relative to typically developing comparison participants. EF is comprised of several processes including inhibition, working memory and set shifting that develop throughout the lifespan. Impairments in EF may appear early in development and persist, or may represent a more transient delay which resolves with time. Given the unevenness of the cognitive profile of persons with autism, understanding the development of EF poses methodological challenges. These issues include those related to matching measures and the choice of comparison participants to which the performance of persons with autism will be compared. In the current review, we attempt to break down the processes of inhibition, working memory and set shifting among persons with autism. We propose to do this within a developmental perspective that highlights how matching measures and comparison participants can affect the interpretation of research findings. 相似文献
173.
174.
Ignorance is bliss: the role of observer expectation in dynamic spatial tuning of the attentional focus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
When two sequential targets (T1, T2) are inserted in an RSVP stream of distractors, perception of T2 is impaired at intertarget lags shorter than 700 msec. Paradoxically, this deficit disappears when T2 is presented directly after T1 (lag-1 sparing). Visser, Bischof, and Di Lollo (1999) found that lag-1 sparing occurs only when T1 and T2 are presented in the same stream. In contrast, Shih (2000) obtained lag-1 sparing with targets insepa-rate streams. Four experiments addressed this inconsistency and revealed lag-1 sparing with targets in different streams, but only when observers had no foreknowledge of T1's location. We hypothesized that when T1 location is known, attention is focused narrowly on that stream; if T2 then appears in the other stream it is missed, and lag-1 sparing does not occur. When T1 location is not known, attention is focused broadly, encompassing both streams, and lag-1 sparing ensues. 相似文献
175.
The results of an exploratory national study carried out in Italy using Osgood's Semantic Differential Scales (Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957) with parents of 100 normal 6- to 11-yr.-old children in mainstream classrooms are reported. The aim was to devise a simple tool to be used to explore parents' perceptions of their children in this age group. Parents were asked to rate "my child" using some of Osgood's Semantic Differential Scales especially adapted for this study. Participants were 97 fathers and 100 mothers. Fathers were 32 to 57 years of age (M = 43.2, SD = 5.4), mothers were 29 to 49 years of age (M = 39.7, SD =4.4). In factor analysis four factors were identified: Activity, Evaluation, Emotions evoked by the child, Personality/Physical contact. Average factor scores were significantly different. There were no significant differences between fathers and mothers on the four factor scores. Children were more positively evaluated the younger they were. 相似文献
176.
We tested the hypothesis that our ability to detect fine kinematics variations is tuned to reveal more subtle differences when the motion pattern belongs to the observer compared to another individual. To this purpose, we analyzed the responses of 15 subjects in a same-different task on pairs of movements, which could belong to one or two different subjects. Self vs. Other comparisons were obtained by presenting both the observer's and another participant's kinematics. Subjects responded faster and more accurately when they observed their own gestures compared to movements of another participant. In the latter case, slight kinematic differences were more likely to remain undetected. These findings are discussed within an ecological framework: in observing others, we are more concerned with detection of goals and intentions, i.e., outstanding variations in motion patterns. Conversely, in self-observation detection of more subtle differences is required to facilitate learning and optimization of motor acts. 相似文献
177.
In an inhibition of return (IOR) paradigm, we used a threshold-tracking procedure combined with backward masking to measure
the speed of perceptual processing in IOR independent of motoric factors. Instead of the conventional reaction time measure,
this procedure yielded the critical exposure duration (DURc) that is required in order for a target to be identified reliably before the onset of a trailing mask. In Experiment 1, the
facilitation effects conventionally found at short cue—target onset asynchrony (CTOA) were evidenced by shorter values of
DURc at cued relative to uncued locations. Conversely, the retardation effects conventionally found at long CTOA were evidenced
by correspondingly longer values of DURc. In Experiment 2, the DURc results strongly suggest that the directional reading bias previously observed in IOR studies is due, at least in part, to
perceptual rather than motoric factors. 相似文献
178.
Depressive symptoms are common and can affect prognosis following acute coronary syndromes (ACS). This study examined the psychological factors, coping, anxiety, and perceived stress associated with depression following ACS. Psychological variables were assessed in 15 females and 66 males (M = 57 years, SD = 12). Repeated measures at 2, 12, and 24 weeks post-ACS compared depression, anxiety, perceived stress, and coping resources as determined by the Cardiac Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II, State Trait Anxiety Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale, and Coping Resources Inventory. Depression, anxiety, and perceived stress remained high in the depressed group across time. Coping scores at 2 weeks post-ACS predicted depression scores at 24 weeks post-ACS. It appears that trait anxiety and coping resources are related to depressive symptoms post-ACS. 相似文献
179.
Shahab Ghorashi Thomas M. Spalek James T. Enns Vincent Di Lollo 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2009,71(6):1233-1240
Visual search for a target involves two processes: spatial selection and identity extraction. Ghorashi, Enns, and Di Lollo (2008) found these processes to be independent and surmised that they were carried out along distinct visual pathways: dorsal and ventral, respectively. The two experiments that are described in the present article evaluated this hypothesis. Attentional-blink methodology was combined with voluntary spatial cuing in a visual search task: Intertarget lag was used to manipulate identity extraction; predictive cues were used to signal target locations. Central digit cues in Experiment 1 required participants to identify digits before voluntarily directing attention to a corresponding location, whereas flashed dots in Experiment 2 (indicating an opposite location) required attentional redeployment without prior cue identification. Consistent with the dual-pathway hypothesis, cuing was impaired only when the first target and the number cue competed for ventral-pathway mechanisms. Collectively, the results support the dual-pathway account of the separability of spatial selection and identity extraction. 相似文献
180.
S. E. Avons Riccardo Russo Caterina Cinel Veronica Verolini Kevin Glynn Rebecca McDonald Marie Cameron 《Memory & cognition》2009,37(1):100-114
Wentura and Frings (2005) reported evidence of subliminal categorical priming on a lexical decision task, using a new method
of visual masking in which the prime string consisted of the prime word flanked by random consonants and random letter masks
alternated with the prime string on successive refresh cycles. We investigated associative and repetition priming on lexical
decision, using the same method of visual masking. Three experiments failed to show any evidence of associative priming, (1)
when the prime string was fixed at 10 characters (three to six flanking letters) and (2) when the number of flanking letters
were reduced or absent. In all cases, prime detection was at chance level. Strong associative priming was observed with visible
unmasked primes, but the addition of flanking letters restricted priming even though prime detection was still high. With
repetition priming, no priming effects were found with the repeated masked technique, and prime detection was poor but just
above chance levels. We conclude that with repeated masked primes, there is effective visual masking but that associative
priming and repetition priming do not occur with experiment-unique prime-target pairs. Explanations for this apparent discrepancy
across priming paradigms are discussed. The priming stimuli and prime-target pairs used in this study may be downloaded as
supplemental materials from mc.psychonomicjournals. org/content/supplemental. 相似文献