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991.
An infrequency index assesses the tendency of respondents on job analysis questionnaires to rate job-irrelevant tasks as important. The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether this index could detect respondents who made rating errors on job-relevant tasks. The respondents were incumbents of three jobs: mental health workers (N=254), clerical workers (N=102), and police corporals (N=118). Differences in interrater reliability between low and high scorers on the infrequency index were found for the mental health workers on one of two response scales. For all three samples, individuals who scored higher on the infrequency index rated job-relevant tasks significantly higher. It was concluded that the index can detect respondents making constant error due to response sets and distortions. However, the usefulness of the index to detect individuals making random errors may be limited. On the basis of these results and on conceptual grounds, it was argued that job analysts should incorporate the infrequency index as part of their task analysis questionnaires. 相似文献
992.
The question of whether mental disorders are discrete clinical conditions or arbitrary distinctions along dimensions of functioning is a long-standing issue, but its importance is escalating with the growing recognition of the frustrations and limitations engendered by the categorical model. The authors provide an overview of some of the dilemmas of the categorical model, followed by a discussion of research that addresses whether mental disorders are accurately or optimally classified categorically or dimensionally. The authors' intention is to document the importance of this issue and to suggest that future editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders give more recognition to dimensional models of classification. They conclude with a dimensional mental disorder classification that they suggest provides a useful model. 相似文献
993.
Allan LG Hannah SD Crump MJ Siegel S 《Journal of experimental psychology. General》2008,137(2):226-243
The authors previously described a procedure that permits rapid, multiple within-participant evaluations of contingency assessment (the "streamed-trial" procedure, M. J. C. Crump, S. D. Hannah, L. G. Allan, & L. K. Hord, 2007). In the present experiments, they used the streamed-trial procedure, combined with the method of constant stimuli and a binary classification response, to assess the psychophysics of contingency assessment. This strategy provides a methodology for evaluating whether variations in contingency assessment reflect changes in the participant's sensitivity to the contingency or changes in the participant's response bias (or decision criterion). The sign of the contingency (positive or negative), outcome density, and imposition of an explicit payoff structure had little influence on sensitivity to contingencies but did influence the decision criterion. The authors discuss how a psychophysical analysis can provide a better understanding of findings in the literature such as mood and age effects on contingency assessment. They also discuss the relation between a psychophysical approach and an associative account of contingency assessment. 相似文献
994.
Michel Desjardins 《Teaching Theology & Religion》2004,7(3):153-158
Abstract. This article presents a particular teaching strategy that involves using food playfully in the classroom in order to change the mood, generate different forms of learning, and prod students to connect food and religion. I offer a rationale for teaching with food, then provide an application from a university course on Gnosticism. My goal is to encourage college and university teachers of religion to take food, and play, more seriously in their teaching. 相似文献
995.
This investigation examined self-related behavioral differences in terms of broad leadership styles using a methodology that minimized biases inherent in research designs previously employed to investigate this area. Subjects consisted of 40 males and 41 females who served in the role of leader, and who instructed both a male and a female subordinate in a card-sorting task. Experimental sessions were tape-recorded and transcribed, after which judges classified word phrases into various language categories. Factor analysis of the language categories yielded two factors of verbal behavior within a leadership situation: a socially oriented style and a task-oriented style. In contrast to generally accepted stereotypes, results indicated that within the present experimental context male leaders preferred to use phrases that indicated a more social style than female leaders. However, both male and female leaders used language that indicated a task-oriented approach to a significantly greater degree when instructing a female rather than a male subordinate. Implications and interpretations of the results are discussed. 相似文献
996.
Over the past 15 years, several important theoretical and methodological developments have emerged from evolutionary biology. These developments--collectively dubbed tree thinking--are now well known in evolutionary biology but have yet to be incorporated into mainstream psychology. Tree thinking has revolutionized evolutionary biology and has the potential to do the same for how comparative data are integrated into psychology. Tree thinking holds that explanations (or narratives) for adaptations must be based on an understanding of the adaptations' history (or chronicle) over evolutionary time. This tenet of tree thinking requires researchers to consider hitherto neglected patterns of data. The authors present the ideas and methods behind tree thinking, examining their implications for psychology. 相似文献
997.
Radu PT Yi R Bickel WK Gross JJ McClure SM 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2011,96(3):363-385
Rewards that are not immediately available are discounted compared to rewards that are immediately available. The more a person discounts a delayed reward, the more likely that person is to have a range of behavioral problems, including clinical disorders. This latter observation has motivated the search for interventions that reduce discounting. One surprisingly simple method to reduce discounting is an \"explicit-zero\" reframing that states default or null outcomes. Reframing a classical discounting choice as \"something now but nothing later\" versus \"nothing now but more later\" decreases discount rates. However, it is not clear how this \"explicit-zero\" framing intervention works. The present studies delineate and test two possible mechanisms to explain the phenomenon. One mechanism proposes that the explicit-zero framing creates the impression of an improving sequence, thereby enhancing the present value of the delayed reward. A second possible mechanism posits an increase in attention allocation to temporally distant reward representations. In four experiments, we distinguish between these two hypothesized mechanisms and conclude that the temporal attention hypothesis is superior for explaining our results. We propose a model of temporal attention whereby framing affects intertemporal preferences by modifying present bias. 相似文献
998.
This study explored the relationships and differences among two measures of indirect aggression [Bjorkqvist et al., 1994; Richardson and Green, 1997] and one of relational aggression [Crick and Grotpeter, 1995]. Over 300 students (mean age 22.8 years; 61.5% female) from two colleges in the Southeastern United States completed measures of indirect and relational aggression and related constructs (e.g., empathy, anger expression, direct aggression). Although there were subtle differences among the three measures with regard to their relationships with associated variables, overall the patterns of relationships were similar as well as distinct from the pattern for direct aggression. Factor analysis of scores for measures of aggression revealed that the indirect and relational measures composed a single factor of nondirect aggression, separate from direct aggression. Further factor analysis of all unique items from the nondirect scales found the overall construct of nondirect aggression to comprise six distinct factors. Implications for applications and further research are discussed. 相似文献
999.
This article describes the development of the historic Principles for Unifying and Strengthening the Profession. An outcome of the 20/20: A Vision for the Future of Counseling initiative, this document delineates a core set of principles that unifies and advances the counseling profession. Principles for Unifying and Strengthening the Profession has been endorsed by 29 major counseling organizations. 相似文献
1000.