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61.
Filling a gap in the semantic gradient: Color associates and response set effects in the Stroop task 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the Stroop task, incongruent color associates (e.g., LAKE) interfere more with color identification than neutral words
do (e.g., SEAT). However, color associates have historically been related to colors in the response set. Response set membership
is an important factor in Stroop interference, because color words in the response set interfere more than color words not
in the response set. It has not been established whether response set membership plays a role in the ability of a colorassociate to interfere with color identification. This issue was addressed in two experiments (one using vocal responses and one using
manual responses) by comparing the magnitude of interference caused by color associates related to colors in the response
set with that of interference caused by color associates unrelated to colors in the response set. The results of both experiments
show that color associates unrelated to colors in the response set interfered with color identification more than neutral
words did. However, the amount of interference was less than that from color associates that were related to colors in the
response set. In addition, this pattern was consistent across response modalities. These results are discussed with respect
to various theoretical accounts of Stroop interference. 相似文献
62.
Stein DJ Bolton D Denys D Huddle T Powell T 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2006,1(1):1-2
Natural philosophy once spanned the fields of philosophy, science, and medicine. Scientific disciplines and medical specialties
have rapidly achieved independence, and the availability of the internet and open-access publishing promises a further expansion
of knowledge. Nevertheless, a consideration of the grounding concepts and ethical principles that underlie health care remains
paramount. It is timely, therefore, to contribute to the global conversation on health care with an open-access journal that
focuses on addressing the conceptual basis of medicine and related disciplines, considering the ethical aspects of clinical
practice, and exploring its intersection with the humanities (including history of medicine). 相似文献
63.
Blais C Besner D 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2006,32(6):1345-1353
Translation accounts have argued that the presence of a Stroop effect in the context of a nonvocal untranslated response is caused by verbal mediation. In its simplest form, color-labeled buttons are translated into a verbal code that interferes with color responses. On this logic, in the reverse Stroop task (identify the word; ignore the color), responses made via word-labeled buttons should also be verbally mediated. Thus, no reverse Stroop effect (RSE) should be seen. The authors tested this verbal mediation hypothesis in 4 reverse Stroop task experiments. An RSE was observed across 4 experiments. The results of Experiments 3 and 4 suggest that this RSE is driven by response competition. It is argued that the data from these 4 experiments are inconsistent with unadorned translation accounts of the RSE but consistent with an account in which the strength of association between a stimulus and a specific response plays a major role. 相似文献
64.
Gillham JE Hamilton J Freres DR Patton K Gallop R 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2006,34(2):195-211
This study evaluated the Penn Resiliency Program's effectiveness in preventing depression when delivered by therapists in
a primary care setting. Two-hundred and seventy-one 11- and 12-year-olds, with elevated depressive symptoms, were randomized
to PRP or usual care. Over the 2-year follow-up, PRP improved explanatory style for positive events. PRP's effects on depressive
symptoms and explanatory style for negative events were moderated by sex, with girls benefiting more than boys. Stronger effects
were seen in high-fidelity groups than low-fidelity groups. PRP did not significantly prevent depressive disorders but significantly
prevented depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorders (when combined) among high-symptom participants. Findings are discussed
in relation to previous PRP studies and research on the dissemination of psychological interventions.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
65.
66.
Aaron L. Wichman Pablo Briñol Derek D. Rucker Gifford Weary 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2010,46(2):350-355
People feel, think, and act differently when doubt rather than confidence is accessible. A traditional perspective on the accessibility of doubt holds that multiple sources of doubt activation should lead to increased levels of uncertainty. In contrast, we find that under some conditions two sequential sources of doubt activation result in decreased levels of uncertainty. We suggest that this follows from a meta-cognitive process in which people come to “doubt their doubt.” In Study 1, individuals with chronically accessible uncertainty who were further exposed to an uncertainty manipulation paradoxically reported reduced uncertainty. In Study 2, participants were first primed with doubt or certainty and then exposed to a manipulation associated with either confidence (i.e., head nodding) or doubt (head shaking). Supporting the idea that people can either trust or doubt their own doubts, head nodding (vs. shaking) accentuated (vs. attenuated) the impact of the initial doubt vs. certainty manipulation. These findings advance the literature on meta-cognition, self-doubt, and embodiment, and may have clinical applications. 相似文献
67.
Susan Young Gisli H. Gudjonsson Emily J. Goodwin Derek Perkins Robin Morris 《Personality and individual differences》2013
The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the computer based application of the Secret Agent (SA) task of risk-taking and moral decision-making. The participants were 100 male patients in a maximum security hospital (50 with severe mental illness and 50 with personality disorder) and 50 community based healthy controls. All participants completed the SA task, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and measures of IQ, antisocial personality traits, sensation-seeking, impulsivity and sociomoral reasoning. The SA risk-taking and moral decision-making scales had satisfactory levels of reliability (Cronbach’s alpha). Risk-taking correlated significantly with sensation-seeking across all three participant groups. In contrast, risk-taking only correlated with impulsivity among the severe mental illness group. Moral decision-making correlated with sociomoral reasoning among the personality disorder group. No correlation was found between the SA scores and the IGT score and the IGT did not correlate with sensation-seeking or impulsivity. IQ and antisocial personality traits did not correlate with the SA or IGT scales. The study highlights the importance of context, the nature of the risk-taking task, and ‘problem framing’ of the instructions in their relationship with individual differences. 相似文献
68.
Purpose
In recognition of the 50th anniversary of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, this paper reviews contradictory perspectives of the status of employment discrimination.Design/Methodology/Approach
Arguments are derived from psychology, management, law, and political science to contrast perspectives that civil rights legislation has (a) done its job, (b) gone too far, and (c) not gone far enough.Findings
We determine that disagreement is inevitable and that no unified conclusion can be drawn. Recognition of the viewpoints embedded in opposing perspectives, however, offers direction for the future of organizational science and practice.Implications
Consideration of these disparate views of civil rights legislation enables thoughtful reflection on the past, present, and future of civil rights legislation.Originality/Value
This paper offers a variety of lenses through which to consider employment discrimination in the organizational sciences and underscores the value of the papers collected in the special issue. 相似文献69.
70.
Derek Ball 《Australasian journal of philosophy》2013,91(3):457-472
It is widely believed that Twin-Earth-style thought experiments show that the contents of a person's thoughts fail to supervene on her intrinsic properties. Several recent philosophers have made the further claim that Twin-Earth-style thought experiments produce metaphysically necessary conditions for the possession of certain concepts. I argue that the latter view is false, and produce counterexamples to several proposed conditions. My thesis is of particular interest because it undermines some attempts to show that externalism is incompatible with privileged access. 相似文献