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111.
Working memory and arithmetic calculation in children: the contributory roles of processing speed, short-term memory, and reading 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Berg DH 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2008,99(4):288-308
The cognitive underpinnings of arithmetic calculation in children are noted to involve working memory; however, cognitive processes related to arithmetic calculation and working memory suggest that this relationship is more complex than stated previously. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relative contributions of processing speed, short-term memory, working memory, and reading to arithmetic calculation in children. Results suggested four important findings. First, processing speed emerged as a significant contributor of arithmetic calculation only in relation to age-related differences in the general sample. Second, processing speed and short-term memory did not eliminate the contribution of working memory to arithmetic calculation. Third, individual working memory components--verbal working memory and visual-spatial working memory--each contributed unique variance to arithmetic calculation in the presence of all other variables. Fourth, a full model indicated that chronological age remained a significant contributor to arithmetic calculation in the presence of significant contributions from all other variables. Results are discussed in terms of directions for future research on working memory in arithmetic calculation. 相似文献
112.
Traditional theories of confidence and information processing suggest that people engage in greater processing activity when they feel doubtful as opposed to confident. Recent research, however, has hinted at the possibility that this effect might be malleable. The current research tests a confidence-matching hypothesis to determine when increased confidence yields increased processing and when increased confidence yields decreased processing. Based on recent advances in research on matching effects, it is proposed that the classic negative effect of confidence on information processing will reverse when messages are framed in terms of confidence. This hypothesis is tested by presenting participants with a persuasive message containing strong or weak arguments under confidence or doubt conditions. As predicted, when the message is framed in confidence terms, participants engage in greater message processing when they feel confident rather than doubtful, as indicated by greater argument quality effects on attitudes and thought favorability. 相似文献
113.
ABSTRACT Building on the theoretical work of Louis Guttman, we propose that the core problem facing research into the multidimensional structure of the personality disorders is not the identification of factorial simple structure but rather detailed characterization of the multivariate configuration of the diagnostic criteria. Dimensions rotated to orthogonal or oblique simple structure are but one way out of many to characterize a multivariate map, and their current near universal application represents a choice for a very particular set of interpretive advantages and disadvantages. We use multidimensional scaling and regional interpretation to investigate the structure of 78 self‐reported personality disorder criteria from a large sample of military recruits and college students. Results suggest that the criteria have a three‐dimensional radex structure that conforms only loosely to the 10 existing personality disorder (PD) categories. Regional interpretation in three dimensions elucidates several important aspects of PDs and their interrelationships. 相似文献
114.
115.
Two experiments investigated preschoolers' interference control in variants of the day–night task. The day–night task involves instructing children across 16 trials to say the word ‘day’ when viewing a card depicting a nighttime sky and to say ‘night’ when shown a picture of the daytime sky. The purpose of the experiments was to investigate whether the depiction on each card distracts children because it is semantically associated with the instructed response or because the depicted item cues the alternative (incorrect) response within the response set. The results in the first study (N=23, M=52.65 months) and second study (N=54, M=50.81 months) indicate that a close semantic relation between the picture and the target response does not pose substantial interference for preschoolers. In contrast, the pictured item poses a significant challenge for preschoolers when it depicts the interfering alternative in the response set. Theoretical implications of these results for the development of interference control are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
116.
Clay F Bowers JS Davis CJ Hanley DA 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2007,33(5):970-976
Semantic and orthographic learning of new words was investigated with the help of the picture-word interference (PWI) task. In this version of the Stroop task, picture naming is delayed by the simultaneous presentation of a semantically related as opposed to an unrelated distractor word (a specific PWI effect), as well as by an unrelated word compared with a nonword (a general PWI effect). This interference is taken to reflect automatic orthographic and semantic processing. The authors observed that participants showed both types of PWI effects for newly learned words following a single study session. Interestingly, specific PWI effects were not obtained immediately after testing but did emerge a week later without additional practice. This suggests that a period of consolidation is involved in the establishment of word representations. In addition, identical PWI effects were obtained when the study and test words were presented in either the same or different letter case. This provides evidence that the newly acquired orthographic representations are coded in an abstract format. 相似文献
117.
Neuroticism (N) assesses emotional sensitivity or lability, but the construct is poorly defined and instruments used to assess
N are marred by a number of psychometric shortcomings. Neuroticism is also described in an overtly pejorative way, with items
keyed for themes reflecting low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. The present paper presents a revised model based on
a new questionnaire entitled the Emotional Sensitivity Scale (ESS). Using an innovative scenario technique to generate items,
exploratory factor analysis of the responses of 242 participants yielded orthogonal dimensions for positive (other-oriented)
and negative (self-centered) emotional sensitivity, and the structure was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis. Validation
studies showed that the ESS dimensions were related in systematic ways to related psychometric instruments and that, as predicted,
participants scoring high on the positive dimension were better able to recognize displayed emotions. The new scale offers
a basis for extending the research on emotional sensitivity using empirically discriminable positive and negative components. 相似文献
118.
We examine the accuracy of forecasts of the commercial potential of new product ideas by experts at an Inventor's Assistance Program (IAP). Each idea is evaluated in terms of 37 attributes or cues, which are subjectively rated and intuitively combined by an IAP expert to arrive at a forecast of the idea's commercialization prospects. Data regarding actual commercialization outcomes for 559 new product ideas were collected to examine the accuracy of the IAP forecasts. The intensive evaluation of each idea conducted by the IAP produces forecasts that accurately rank order the ideas in terms of their probability of commercialization. The focus of the evaluation process on case‐specific evidence that distinguishes one idea from another, however, and the corresponding neglect of aggregate considerations such as the base rate (BR) and predictability of commercialization for new product ideas in general, yields forecasts that are systematically miscalibrated in terms of their correspondence to the actual probability of commercialization. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
119.
While five-month-old infants show orientation-specific sensitivity to changes in the motion and occlusion patterns of human point-light displays, it is not known whether infants are capable of binding a human representation to these displays. Furthermore, it has been suggested that infants do not encode the same physical properties for humans and material objects. To explore these issues we tested whether infants would selectively apply the principle of solidity to upright human displays. In the first experiment infants aged six and nine months were repeatedly shown a human point-light display walking across a computer screen up to 10 times or until habituated. Next, they were repeatedly shown the walking display passing behind an in-depth representation of a table, and finally they were shown the human display appearing to pass through the table top in violation of the solidity of the hidden human form. Both six- and nine-month-old infants showed significantly greater recovery of attention to this final phase. This suggests that infants are able to bind a solid vertical form to human motion. In two further control experiments we presented displays that contained similar patterns of motion but were not perceived by adults as human. Six- and nine-month-old infants did not show recovery of attention when a scrambled display or an inverted human display passed through the table. Thus, the binding of a solid human form to a display in only seems to occur for upright human motion. The paper considers the implications of these findings in relation to theories of infants' developing conceptions of objects, humans and animals. 相似文献
120.
Brian K. Martens Tanya L. Eckert John C. Begeny Lawrence J. Lewandowski Florence D. DiGennaro Staci A. Montarello Lauren A. Arbolino Derek D. Reed Barbara H. Fiese 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2007,16(1):38-53
This study evaluated the effects of a fluency-based reading program with 15 second and third grade students and 15 matched
controls. Gains in oral reading fluency on untrained CBM probes were evaluated using a matched-pairs group-comparison design,
whereas immediate and two-day retention gains in oral reading fluency on trained passages were evaluated using an adapted
changing criterion design. Increases in WRCM due to training and number of trainings to criterion were also evaluated as a
function of pre-training fluency levels. Results showed statistically significant gains on dependent measures for the treatment
group, mean increases of two to three grade levels in passages mastered, and an optimal pre-training fluency range of 41-60
WRCM. Implications for fluency-based reading programs are discussed. 相似文献