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251.
Infants' sensitivity to social contingencies was assessed. In Study 1, 1-month-old infants and their mothers interacted face-to-face in three types of imperfect contingent interactions: Normal, Non-Contingent and Imitation. One-month-old infants did not discriminate these conditions. In Study 2, 3-month-old infants were tested as in Study 1. At 3 months of age, infants gazed reliably longer in the Imitation condition and smiled reliably more in the Normal than in the Non-Contingent and Imitation interactions. These findings suggest a developmental transition in the sensitivity to social contingencies between 1 and 3 months of age. The relationship between the developing sensitivity to social contingencies and social cognition is discussed. 相似文献
252.
253.
In Study 1, 54 3-, 6- and 9-month-old infants interacted with an adult stranger who engaged in a face-to-face (dyadic) exchange. Dyadic interaction was halted when the adult turned away to look at an object. In a Joint Attention condition, the adult alternated visual attention between the infant and the object, and in a Look Away condition she looked away at the object only. Infants gazed and smiled more in the Joint Attention condition compared to in the Look Away condition. Infants' gazing to the target object interacted with age and condition. In Study 2, 37 3-, 6- and 9-month old infants interacted with an adult who coordinated visual attention and affect, affect only, visual attention only, or ignored the infant. Infants gazed reliably more at E when she coordinated both affect and attention and smiled reliably more when the adult coordinated affect and attention or attention only. The findings show a sensitivity to triadic attention by 3 months of age. 相似文献
254.
Lissek S Baas JM Pine DS Orme K Dvir S Rosenberger E Grillon C 《Emotion (Washington, D.C.)》2005,5(4):396-407
Sensation seeking (SS) has traditionally been viewed as a phenomenon of the appetitive motivational system. The limited SS research exploring contributions from the aversive motivational system reveals greater anxious reactivity to dangerous activities among low sensation seekers. The present study extends this line of work by comparing levels of fear and anxiety during anticipation of predictable and unpredictable aversive stimuli across high- and low-SS groups. Low sensation seekers displayed greater fear-potentiated startle (FPS) to predictable aversive stimuli, and only those low on SS showed FPS and skin conductance response effects during experimental contexts in which aversive stimuli were delivered unpredictably. Findings implicate enhanced apprehensive anticipation among those low on SS as a potential deterrent for their participation in intense and threatening stimulus events. 相似文献
255.
A joint impact hypothesis on symptom experience is introduced that specifies the role of negative mood and self-focus, which have been considered independently in previous research. Accordingly, negative affect only promotes symptom experience when people simultaneously focus their attention on the self. One correlational study and 4 experiments supported this prediction: Only negative mood combined with self-focus facilitated the experience (see the self-reports in Studies 1, 2a, & 2b) and the accessibility (lexical decisions, Stroop task in Studies 3 & 4) of physical symptoms, whereas neither positive mood nor negative mood without self-focus did. Furthermore, the joint impact of negative mood and self-focused attention on momentary symptom experience remained significant after controlling for the influence of dispositional symptom reporting and neuroticism. 相似文献
256.
Coleman SL Brown VR Levine DS Mellgren RL 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2005,5(4):434-451
This article develops the cognitive—emotional forager (CEF) model, a novel application of a neural network to dynamical processes in foraging behavior. The CEF is based on a neural
network known as the gated dipole, introduced by Grossberg, which is capable of representing short-term affective reactions in a manner similar to Solomon
and Corbit’s (1974) opponent process theory. The model incorporates a trade-off between approach toward food and avoidance
of predation under varying levels of motivation induced by hunger. The results of simulations in a simple patch selection
paradigm, using a lifetime fitness criterion for comparison, indicate that the CEF model is capable of nearly optimal foraging
and outperforms a run-of-luck rule-of-thumb model. Models such as the one presented here can illuminate the underlying cognitive
and motivational components of animal decision making. 相似文献
257.
258.
An apparatus is described that accurately measures response times and video records hand movements during haptic object recognition
using complex three-dimensional (3-D) forms. The apparatus was used for training participants to become expert at perceptual
judgments of 3-D objects (Greebles) using only their sense of touch. Inspiration came from previous visual experiments, and
therefore training and testing protocols that were similar to the earlier visual procedures were used. Two sets of Greebles
were created. One set (clay Greebles) was hand crafted from clay, and the other (plastic Greebles) was machine created using
rapid prototyping technology. Differences between these object creation techniques and their impact on perceptual expertise
training are discussed. The full set of these stimuli may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/. 相似文献
259.
Men overestimate the degree of muscularity that is attractive to women, and women overestimate the degree of thinness that is most attractive to men. Consistent with the thesis that sociocultural input influences such body type preferences and beliefs, we postulated that magazines aimed at a male audience would portray a more muscular male body ideal than would magazines aimed at a female audience. Systematic comparison of popular magazines (Cosmopolitan, Men's Health, Men's Fitness, and Muscle & Fitness) revealed that the ideal male body marketed to men is more muscular than the ideal male body marketed to women. We introduce the Physical Trait Overvaluation Hypothesis, which proposes that gender-specific media fuel emphasis on certain body parts in within-gender prestige competitions. The resulting competitive escalation creates a disconnect between the preferences of one gender and the personal aspirations of the other. 相似文献
260.
Daniel O'Connor 《The Journal of value inquiry》1982,16(3):189-205