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71.
An “Attitudes toward Sexual Abuse” scale is introduced, and its reliability and validity in a study of university students is described. Attitudes supportive of sexual contact with children were associated with variables previously linked to sexual interest in children: male gender, use of pornography, greater numbers of sex partners, and greater endorsement of a scale measuring acceptance of sexual aggression against women. Such beliefs predicted both male and female university students' self-reported interest in having sex with a child, given the absence of detection or punishment, suggesting the potential importance of socially transmitted attitudes in the etiology of sexually abusive behavior. 相似文献
72.
Two experiments test the effects of exposure duration and encoding instruction on the relative memory for five facial features. Participants viewed slides of Identi-kit faces and were later given a recognition test with same or changed versions of each face. Each changed test face involved a change in one facial feature: hair, eyes, chin, nose or mouth. In both experiments the upper-face features of hair and eyes were better recognized than the lower-face features of nose, mouth, and chin, as measured by false alarm rates. In Experiment 1, participants in the 20-second exposure duration condition remembered faces significantly better than participants in the 3-second exposure duration condition; however, memory for all five facial features improved at a similar rate with the increased duration. In Experiment 2, participants directed to use feature scanning encoding instructions remembered faces significantly better than participants following age judgement instructions; however, the size of the memory advantage for upper facial features was less with feature scanning instructions than with age judgement instructions. The results are discussed in terms of a quantitative difference in processing faces with longer exposure duration, versus a qualitative difference in processing faces with various encoding instructions. These results are related to conditions that affect the accuracy of eyewitness identification. 相似文献
73.
Cynthia R. Ellis Kathy L. Lindstrom Theresa M. Villani Nirbhay N. Singh Al M. Best Alan S.W. Winton Philip K. Axtell Donald P. Oswald J.P. Leung 《Journal of child and family studies》1997,6(4):453-470
Interpreting and responding appropriately to facial expressions of emotion are important aspects of social skills. Some children, adolescents, and adults with various psychological and psychiatric disorders recognize facial expressions less proficiently than their peers in the general population. We wished to determine if such deficits existed in a group of 133 children and adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). The subjects were receiving in-patient psychiatric services for at least one of substance-related disorders, adjustment disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders or disruptive behavior disorders. After being read stories describing various emotional reactions, all subjects were tested for their ability to recognize the 6 basic facial expressions of emotion depicted in Ekman and Friesen's (1976) normed photographs. Overall, they performed well on this task at levels comparable to those occurring in the general population. Accuracy increased with age, irrespective of gender, ethnicity, or clinical diagnosis. After adjusting for age effects, the subjects diagnosed with either adjustment disorders, mood disorders, or disruptive behavior disorders were significantly more accurate at identifying anger than those without those diagnoses. In addition, subjects with mood disorders identified sadness significantly more accurately than those without this diagnosis, although the effect was greatest with younger children. 相似文献
74.
The effectiveness of strategies for reducing avoidance of social interaction with a physically disabled person was experimentally investigated. Female college students privately expressed their preference for social interaction before and after learning the other was a female in a wheelchair or nondisabled. The results provide evidence for the effectiveness of mentioning the disability following a request for aid related to the disability (the Request-mention Strategy). Change in preference for social interaction was more positive when the disabled person employed the Request-mention strategy than when she said nothing. Requesting aid without mentioning the disability was not found to be effective. A request for aid unrelated to the disability was clearly ineffective. The disabled person who said nothing was avoided, in comparison to when the same person was nondisabled. Favorability of impressions of the other, as measured by ratings of her characteristics, was not influenced by the experimental conditions. 相似文献
75.
Maggie Watson Sylvia Denton Michael Baum Steven Greer 《Counselling psychology quarterly》1988,1(1):25-34
The evaluation of a specialist nurse-counselling service is described. Forty newly diagnosed breast cancer patients, treated by mastectomy, were randomised to receive either routine care or routine care plus counselling by a nurse. Psychological morbidity was assessed at one week, 3 months and 12 months postoperatively to determine the efficacy of this service. Comparisons between the groups indicated that counselled patients were significantly less depressed at 3 months postoperatively and reported more beliefs in personal control over health. At 12 months postoperatively there were no significant differences between the groups. Although both groups continued to adjust throughout the year following surgery, this adjustment occurred more rapidly if patients were counselled. The results suggest that a nurse-counselling service can be of value in helping to reduce the amount of distress experienced as a result of the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. 相似文献
76.
A review of pertinent recent events in psychological assessment suggests greater use of computerized testing systems in the future. Just as there are problems of response bias with paper-and-pencil test methods, there are also such problems when using the computer medium for assessment. Problem areas and possible solutions are reviewed. Future research needs are discussed. 相似文献
77.
Two experiments assess the effect of the amount of physical detail in pictures on picture recognition memory. Children and adults were presented simple and complex line drawings. A “same-different” recognition test followed in which the distractor items were original pictures from the presentation phase with the amount of physical detail altered. For second- and fourth-grade subjects, recognition sensitivity, measured in terms of d′, was similar for pictures in the simple and complex presentation conditions. For adults, however, recognition sensitivity was greater for pictures in the simple than complex presentation condition. This finding with adults was replicated in Experiment 2. Interpretations of this age difference in picture memory processing are discussed, as well as the constraints imposed by various dependent measures used in picture memory studies. 相似文献
78.
W. A. Hershberger P. R. Trantina Kathy Cosgrove 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1968,20(4):395-399
Two symbol-naming experiments were conducted assessing the dependence of Fitts and Switzer's set-familiarity effect upon symbol distinctiveness. Sixty college males named printed letters presented in a strobotron tachistoscope, the letter always being selected from a preannounced set of three. A voice key detected the response. Experiment I found the Fitts and Switzer finding to be a joint effect: response latency for naming the symbol B in the unfamiliar but distinctive set, VBO, was intermediate to that for the familiar distinctive set, ABC, and the unfamiliar, homolographic set, PBE, the two sets used by Fitts and Switzer. Experiment II, a factorial combination of set familiarity and symbol distinctiveness yielded a significant interaction such that with homolographic symbols, set familiarity was associated with an increase in reaction time. The results were interpreted as consistent with an hypothesis that the set-familiarity effect relates to symbol-identification time as opposed to response-identification time. 相似文献
79.
This study asked whether the reading behavior of dyslexics differs qualitatively from that of normal children. Thirty-seven children who had been identified is dyslexic (mean age 11 years, 9 months) were matched with 37 normal readers (mean age 8,6) on ability to read regular words. The dyslexics' and normals' levels of performance on nonsense words and exception words were strikingly close. Also, patterns of individual differences were similar for the two groups. The results suggest that these dyslexics are delayed in the development of both spelling-sound rules and word specific associations. They do not support the view that dyslexics have a specific deficit in the use of spelling-sound rules, or that dyslexics show more extreme individual differences than do normal readers. 相似文献
80.