Background: Early childhood is a crucial period for language development and building social skills. While distinct, these two processes may impact upon each other.
Aims: The current study aimed to identify the directional associations between expressive language ability and prosocial behaviour between three and five years of age.
Methods: Participants included 14, 004 children and their families enrolled in the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Children’s expressive language and prosocial behaviour were assessed at three and five years of age utilizing standardized assessments and parent reports. Cross-lagged models were used for data analysis.
Results: Better expressive language at three years was associated with increased prosocial behaviour by five years. No support for the inverse direction of association was found.
Conclusions: Children’s early ability to effectively express themselves with others may help in building better social relationships by entry into formal schooling. Programming efforts that are tailored towards enhancing positive behavioural growth and social skills in the toddler years are likely to be effective when expressive language is also a targeted component of the toddler’s skill development. 相似文献
The article was delivered as an invited address to the 2019 SCRA Biennial. The author, the 2019 recipient of the Award for Distinguished Contributions to Practice in Community Psychology, discusses the application of community psychology practice competencies to rural mental health practice and reviews the challenges faced by rural and remote residents, and the rural idyllic myth. The author shares musings and observations of key lessons learned from mentors and practice across over three decades. 相似文献
Clinical experience indicates that fathers have a salient influence on the development of non-organic failure to thrive (NOFT) infants and on the feeding and attachment disturbances that often accompany this pediatric condition. As shown in case examples, fathers influence the origins and outcomes of NOFT through their participation in maladaptive patterns of parenting and/or conflicts with the child's mother, which disrupt maternal emotional adjustment and maternal-child interactions. Clinical assessment of paternal influences through interview and observation can help formulate more realistic treatment planning and family-centered interventions for NOFT children. 相似文献
Personal investment theory is a multifaceted theory of motivation, in which three key components: achievement goals (mastery, performance, social, and extrinsic), sense of self (sense of purpose, self-reliance, negative self-concept, positive self-concept), and facilitating conditions (parent support, teacher support, peer support), engage students in the process of learning. Four cultural groups (Anglo Australian, n = 852, Aboriginal Australian, n = 343, Lebanese Australian, n = 372, and Asian Australian, n = 283) of students were compared on these personal investment components and on several outcome measures (engagement, affect, achievement, participation). A series of MANOVAs, followed up by univariate tests, indicated ethnic differences and similarities in the endorsement of the personal investment theory components as well as in the outcome measures. Multiple regression analyses showed that each of the three sets of predictors (achievement goals, sense of self, facilitating conditions) explained a significant amount of the variance in almost all of the outcome measures. Across cultural groups, students' mastery goal and sense of purpose were consistently found to be significant predictors of their intention for further education, positive affect for schooling, and valuing of schooling. 相似文献
In the present work, we first clarify a more precise definition of instantaneous optical angles in control tasks such as interception. We then test how well two interceptive strategies that have been proposed for catching fly balls account for human Frisbee-catching behavior. The first strategy is to maintain the ball's image along a linear optical trajectory (LOT). The second is to keep vertical optical ball velocity decreasing while maintaining constant lateral optical velocity. We found that an LOT accounted for an average of over 96% of the variance in optical Frisbee movement, while maintenance of vertical and lateral optical velocities was random. This work confirms a common interception strategy used across interceptive tasks, extending to complex target trajectories. 相似文献
Timothy Williamson has a marvelously precise account of epistemic justification in terms of knowledge and probability. I argue
that the account runs aground on certain cases involving the probability values 0 and 1. 相似文献
In 1995, the Pedigree Standardization Task Force (PSTF) of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) proposed a system
of pedigree nomenclature. Recently, the PSTF (now called the Pedigree Standardization Work Group or PSWG) sought evidence
that the published symbols met the needs of health professionals, were incorporated into health professional training and
were utilized in publications. We searched PubMed and reference lists of select publications, reviewed the Instructions for
Authors of several journals, searched the websites of professional societies, sought comment from the membership of the NSGC,
and looked at recommendations and training practices of various health professional organizations. Many journals still do
not cite specific standards for pedigrees, but those found cited the PSTF nomenclature. We did not find significant objections
or alternatives to the 1995 nomenclature. Based on our review, we propose only a few minor stylistic changes to the pedigree
symbols. The pedigree nomenclature of the NSGC is the only consistently acknowledged standard for drawing a family health
history. We recommend regular and continued review of these pedigree standards to determine if additional symbols are needed
to accommodate changes in clinical practice to ensure that the symbols continue to meet the needs of health professionals
and researchers as well as adhere to evolving ethical and privacy standards. All health professionals, trainees, and researchers
should be made aware of the utility of using a common pedigree nomenclature in clinical practice and publication. This will
become particularly important as electronic medical records become more widely utilized. 相似文献
Three experiments with a total of 87 human observers revealed an upper-left spatial bias in the initial movement of gaze during visual search. The bias was present whether or not the explicit control of gaze was required for the task. This bias may be part of a search strategy that competed with the fixed-gaze parallel search strategy hypothesized by Durgin [Durgin, F. H. (2003). Translation and competition among internal representations in a reverse Stroop effect. Perception &Psychophysics, 65, 367-378.] for this task. When the spatial probabilities of the search target were manipulated either in accord with or in opposition to the existing upper-left bias, two orthogonal factors of interference in the latency data were differentially affected. The two factors corresponded to two different forms of representation and search. Target probabilities consistent with the gaze bias encouraged opportunistic serial search (including gaze shifts), while symmetrically opposing target probabilities produced latency patterns more consistent with parallel search based on a sensory code. 相似文献