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911.
Community based research is conducted by, for, and with the participation of community members, and aims to ensure that knowledge contributes to making a concrete and constructive difference in the world (The Loka Institute 2002). Yet decisions about research ethics are often controlled outside the research community itself. In this analysis we grapple with the imposition of a community confidentiality clause and the implications it had for consent, confidentiality, and capacity in a province-wide community based research project. Through untangling these implications we provide recommendations for reframing how to think about research ethics and strategies for enabling research ethics’ processes to be more responsive to and respectful of community-based research. 相似文献
912.
K. Brooke Tompkins Denise M. Martz Courtney A. Rocheleau Doris G. Bazzini 《Body image》2009,6(4):292-298
Fat talk, dialogues among women involving negative body-focused discussions, was studied as a function of conformity and social likeability through the use of four vignettes depicting young women in conversation. Using a 2 (body presentation style of the group: negative or positive) × 2 (body presentation style of the target, Jenny: negative or positive) factorial design, 215 college women (92.1% non-Hispanic Caucasian) read one of four vignettes in a classroom setting and made ratings on a social likeability scale. Participants’ personal ratings of Jenny's likeability were higher when she spoke positively about her body, whereas they expected the other group members in the vignette to like Jenny more when she conformed to the group's body presentation style. This study is the first to support two competing norms for women's body image—the existing norm to fat talk versus a newly documented norm that some women like others who express body acceptance. 相似文献
913.
A central issue in cognitive neuroscience of aging research is pinpointing precise neural mechanisms that determine cognitive
outcome in late adulthood as well as identifying early markers of less successful cognitive aging. One promising biomarker
is beta amyloid (Aβ) deposition. Several new radiotracers have been developed that bind to fibrillar Aβ providing sensitive
estimates of amyloid deposition in various brain regions. Aβ imaging has been primarily used to study patients with Alzheimer’s
Disease (AD) and individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI); however, there is now building data on Aβ deposition in
healthy controls that suggest at least 20% and perhaps as much as a third of healthy older adults show significant deposition.
Considerable evidence suggests amyloid deposition precedes declines in cognition and may be the initiator in a cascade of
events that indirectly leads to age-related cognitive decline. We review studies of Aβ deposition imaging in AD, MCI, and
normal adults, its cognitive consequences, and the role of genetic risk and cognitive reserve. 相似文献
914.
We evaluated a multiple‐stimulus assessment for identifying work preferences among adults with autism prior to beginning supported jobs. Initially, a prework assessment focused on identifying preferences across different work tasks. Eight preference assessments involving office‐cleaning tasks were conducted with five supported workers. Results of five assessments involving three individuals indicated respective workers had a strong preference for one work task. On three assessments involving three workers and different cleaning tasks, weak preferences for given tasks were identified. Next, choices between more‐ and less‐preferred tasks were provided during the daily job routine. Workers who had a strong preference on the prework assessment consistently chose the previously assessed, more preferred task during the daily job. Workers who had a weak preference always chose the more preferred task on the first choice of the work day, and then alternated between tasks on 71% of subsequent choice opportunities. Results appear to support the utility of the prework, multiple‐stimulus assessment for predicting preferred tasks among supported workers with autism when the assessment identifies strong preferences. Results also offer some support for predicting a preference to alternate tasks when the assessment identifies weak preferences for respective work tasks. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of developing work routines within community jobs for adults with autism that are more in accordance with their work preferences than traditional job placement practices. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
915.
Adult Antisocial Behavior And Affect Regulation Among Primary Crack/Cocaine-Using Women 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The relationship between deficits in affect regulation and Adult Antisocial Behavior (ASB) in primary crack/cocaine-using women was explored in a sample of 80 inner-city women. Narrative early memories were coded for two components of affect regulation, Affect Tolerance and Affect Expression, using the Epigenetic Assessment Rating Scale (EARS; Wilson, Passik, & Kuras, 1989 ). ASB was measured by the adult criteria of Antisocial Personality Disorder on the SCID-SAC ( Spitzer, Williams, Gibbon, & First, 1993 ). Analyses compared primary crack/cocaine-using women with and without ASB on the affect regulation measures. Findings using memories of primary caretakers revealed that women with ASB had significantly poorer capacity for Affect Tolerance and Affect Expression than women without ASB, suggesting that ASB is significantly associated with differences in the capacity to regulate emotional experience among primary crack/cocaine-using women. 相似文献
916.
Denise Sekaquaptewa Penelope Espinoza Patrick Vargas 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2003,39(1):75-82
Two experiments examined whether a measure of implicit stereotyping based on the tendency to explain Black stereotype-incongruent events more often than Black stereotype-congruent events (Stereotypic Explanatory Bias or SEB) is predictive of behavior toward a partner in an interracial interaction. In Experiment 1 SEB predicted White males’ choice to ask stereotypic questions of a Black female (but not a White male or White female) in an interview. In Experiment 2 the type of explanation (internal or external attribution) made for stereotype-inconsistency was examined. Results showed that White participants who made internal attributions for Black stereotype-incongruent behavior were rated more positively and those who made external attributions were rated more negatively by a Black male confederate. These results point to the potential of implicit stereotyping as an important predictor of behavior in an interracial interaction. 相似文献
917.
This study is the first to provide information on the association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and binge drinking among Russian university students. Using data from 500 (58% female) university students from the four Russian sites of the International Dating Violence Study, we found gender differences in rates of IPV perpetration and in the association between binge drinking and IPV. Specifically, more females than males perpetrated IPV, and the associations between binge drinking and IPV were stronger for the female students than for the male students. In addition, antisocial traits and behavior (ATSB) were significantly related to both binge drinking and IPV perpetration for males and females. For males, the relatively weak associations between binge drinking and IPV perpetration disappeared once ASTB was accounted for. For females, the relationship decreased but remained significant when ATSB was statistically controlled. Path analyses confirmed that this pattern of relationships would be consistent with ATSB serving as a partial mediator between binge drinking and IPV perpetration. However, other alternative mediation and moderation models for the relationships between binge drinking, IPV perpetration, and ATSB could not be ruled out with this one-wave correlational study. 相似文献
918.
The present experiment examined to what extent features of a potential goal threat and personal characteristics affect attention
and information-seeking in 124 adults aged 50–70. We manipulated two characteristics of a potential decline in future health:
the amount of control people have over preventing the threat (no-control versus control) and the amount of time left before
the threat will occur (short-term versus long-term). As expected, a shorter period of time left resulted in more attention
being paid to threat signals and also in more information being sought. Control did not influence attention, but did have
an effect on information-seeking behavior. More control resulted in more time that was taken to seek information about the
potential health threat and possible ways to prevent it. Aging anxiety was a predictor of attention, and age and education
predictors of information-seeking. None of the other personal factors were found to be relevant. 相似文献
919.
Reid L Skeel Carrie Pilarski Kimberley Pytlak John Neudecker 《Psychology of addictive behaviors》2008,22(3):402-409
Research has demonstrated a variable relationship between alcohol consumption and self-report personality measures of novelty seeking and harm avoidance. Research has also demonstrated a relationship between performance-based measures of risk taking and substance use. The current study compared the utility of personality measures and performance-based measures in the prediction of alcohol use. The authors hypothesized that the domains would contribute uniquely and would also interact in the prediction of alcohol consumption. Data on alcohol consumption were collected on a daily basis for 2 weeks. Performance-based measures included the Bechara Gambling Task and the Balloon Analogue Risk Task. The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire was the primary personality measure. Results partially supported hypotheses, in that personality measures showed strong relationships with alcohol use and interacted with performance-based measures in predicting alcohol consumption. Thus, both behavioral and personality measures contributed to prediction of alcohol consumption, and performance-based measures played a moderating role. Results suggest that a combination of behavioral and self-report personality measures may be useful for those screening groups for risk factors for excessive alcohol consumption. 相似文献
920.
Kathryn J. Casey Jessica L. Hagaman Alexandra L. Trout Robert Reid Beth Chmelka Ronald W. Thompson Daniel L. Daly 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(6):909-927
Little is known about the characteristics or functioning of children with ADHD in residential care as compared to their non-ADHD
peers. This study evaluated data on 538 children with (n = 125) and without (n = 413) ADHD in residential care to determine demographic, mental health, behavioral, and treatment (i.e., medication use)
characteristics. Results revealed that both groups presented elevated risks, however, scores for children with ADHD indicated
even greater levels of need. Specifically, differences were found between the two groups on demographics (e.g., family reunification
status, restrictiveness of prior out-of-home placements), behavior (e.g., attention problems, rule-breaking and aggressive
behaviors) and medication status. Findings suggest there is a need for aftercare services to help support families as children
transition from care, interventions to address behavior, and medication management through assessment and monitoring. 相似文献