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An appreciation of object-centred spatial relations involves representing a 'within-object' spatial relation across changes in the object orientation. This representational ability is important in adult object recognition [Biederman, I. (1987). Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding. Psychological Review, 94, 115-147; Marr, D., & Nishihara, H. K. (1978). Representation and recognition of the spatial organisation of three-dimensional structure. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B (Biological Sciences), 200, 269-294; Tarr, M. J., & Pinker, S. (1990). When does human object recognition use a viewer-centred reference frame? Psychological Science, 1, 253-256] and is also thought to be a fundamental component of the mature object concept [Piaget, J. (1954). The Construction of Reality in the Child. Routledge & Kegan-Paul: London, UK. (Originally published in French in 1937)]. An experiment is reported in which eighteen 4-month-old infants were familiarised to a specific spatial relation within an object, across six different orientations of the object. On subsequent test trials the object was presented to the infants in an entirely novel orientation. Between successive test trials the within-object spatial relation was alternated between novel and familiar. The infants demonstrated significant sensitivity of their looking to both the novelty of the stimuli and the order in which novel and familiar stimuli were presented. It is concluded that by 4 months of age infants are able to form object-centred spatial frames of reference. These findings are discussed in the light of our current understanding of the development of object representation during infancy. 相似文献
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Denis J. Hilton John McClure Robbie M. Sutton 《European journal of social psychology》2010,40(3):383-400
We investigate whether people prefer voluntary causes to physical causes in unfolding causal chains and whether statistical (covariation, sufficiency) principles can predict how people select explanations. Experiment 1 shows that while people tend to prefer a proximal (more recent) cause in chains of unfolding physical events, causality is traced through the proximal cause to an underlying distal (less recent) cause when that cause is a human action. Experiment 2 shows that causal preference is more strongly correlated with judgements of sufficiency and conditionalised sufficiency than with covariation or conditionalised covariation. In addition, sufficiency judgements are partial mediators of the effect of type of distal cause (voluntary or physical) on causal preference. The preference for voluntary causes to physical causes corroborates findings from social psychology, cognitive neuroscience and jurisprudence that emphasise the primacy of intentions in causal attribution processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Amandine Afonso Alan Blum Brian F. G. Katz Philippe Tarroux Grégoire Borst Michel Denis 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(5):591-604
When people scan mental images, their response times increase linearly with increases in the distance to be scanned, which
is generally taken as reflecting the fact that their internal representations incorporate the metric properties of the corresponding
objects. In view of this finding, we investigated the structural properties of spatial mental images created from nonvisual
sources in three groups (blindfolded sighted, late blind, and congenitally blind). In Experiment 1, blindfolded sighted and
late blind participants created metrically accurate spatial representations of a small-scale spatial configuration under both
verbal and haptic learning conditions. In Experiment 2, late and congenitally blind participants generated accurate spatial
mental images after both verbal and locomotor learning of a full-scale navigable space (created by an immersive audio virtual
reality system), whereas blindfolded sighted participants were selectively impaired in their ability to generate precise spatial
representations from locomotor experience. These results attest that in the context of a permanent lack of sight, encoding
spatial information on the basis of the most reliable currently functional system (the sensorimotor system) is crucial for
building a metrically accurate representation of a spatial environment. The results also highlight the potential of spatialized
audio-rendering technology for exploring the spatial representations of visually impaired participants. 相似文献
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A theory of listening to music is proposed. It suggests that, for listeners, the process of prediction is the starting point to experiencing music. This implies that perception of music starts through both a predisposed and an experience-based extrapolation into the future (this is labeled a priori listening). Indications for this proposal are discussed and defined using perspectives from the cognitive sciences, neuroscience, philosophy, and experimental psychology. Of most importance in this theory is that listening to music constantly interacts with the creative processes. 相似文献
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Denis J. Glencross 《Journal of motor behavior》2013,45(4):229-237
The temporal and serial organization (or timing) of responses in motor skill was investigated in a repetitive motor task, resisted hand cranking. Both positional timing and serial timing were analyzed using strain-gauge techniques and were related to the performance of the preferred and non-preferred hands. The results demonstrated the superiority of the preferred hand on the serial timing criteria and supported the hypothesis that skilled performance is characterized by more effective temporal structuring of the components of the response. 相似文献
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Harry T. Reis Margaret S. Clark Denis J. Pereira Gray Fen-Fang Tsai Judith B. Brown Moira Stewart 《Basic and applied social psychology》2013,35(4):339-348
This article reports results from a three-country study of patient perceptions of physician responsiveness. Based on existing research in the medical and social-psychological literatures, we theorized that patients' perceptions of physician responsiveness to their needs would be an important component of the patient–physician relationship and that this construct could be distinguished reliably from more global assessments of patient satisfaction. We then developed a new measure designed to assess these perceptions from the patients' point of view. This measure was administered to large samples of patients in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Results supported our hypotheses. Patient perception of physician responsiveness significantly predicted both patient satisfaction and subjective health-related problems, over and above effects attributable to general satisfaction. We also noted the absence of significant differences across the three cultures or sex, suggesting that the process we identify has considerable generality. We also describe a short version of our measure that researchers may find useful in a variety of research or clinical settings. 相似文献