老年结直肠癌的治疗

老年患者占结直肠癌患者的70%,因此老年人是结直肠癌的主要患病人群.为了提高结直肠癌治疗的总体疗效,我们应当特别关注老年性结直肠癌的治疗.以往,手术治疗和化疗的应用随着年龄的增高而明显减少.我们一直以为老年人手术和化疗的效果不令人满意.近期的研究改变了这一认识.证据表明辅助化疗和姑息性化疗对一般情况良好的老年人是有效而安全的.即使存在一些与年龄相关的基础疾病的老年结直肠癌患者仍然能从合理的治疗方案中获益.所以我们尚有许多工作需做,以提高老年性结直肠癌患者的疗效.腹腔镜下结肠癌根治术是对老年人安全有效的手术技术.我们期待随着经腔道的内窥镜手术技术的发展,将来会使老年性结直肠癌患者受益.     

唐僧两怀素综考

唐僧有两位法号"怀素"的僧人,对此,陈垣先生早已辨正。然此真知识,至今仍为一些学者忽视。兹参考前贤研究成果,从生卒年、俗姓、籍贯;主要事迹、行踪;主要著述、作品;师学传承、门人弟子等四个方面,对唐僧两怀素予以综述考辨。     

从自由与平等的关系看获取正义

获取之正义乃是人类的千古困惑.获取正义之原则必须而且只能从社会主义社会理念中导出,该理念是:人人生而自由,人人生而平等,没有贵族,没有特权,没有压迫,没有剥削,公共职位向所有公民开放,人人有权选择并努力实现自己所向往的幸福生活.在此理念之下,自由与平等之关系是:公民之间的平等是基于自由权利的平等.社会主义社会理念下的获取正义包括:每个公民都有从自然资源中获取收益的社会权利;合法的市场交易所得;其他合法途径,如遗产继承、馈赠等.任何一个认同社会主义社会理念的人均不赞成公共财政充当劫富济贫的"佐罗"角色,但保障每个公民都能够从自然资源的收益中获得生存资料乃是政府之责任、公民之权利,税收资源的主要功能是创造和维护社会秩序、保障本民族的集体安全、满足公共事务的需要.     

不同形式的阅读干预在儿童读写能力发展中的作用

以419名低年级小学生为研究对象,通过为期一年的教学干预研究,探讨了独立阅读和分享阅读对儿童阅读和写作能力的影响。结果发现：（1）分享阅读和独立阅读均可提高学生的阅读能力,阅读量是影响阅读能力发展的重要因素;（2）独立阅读是提高写作能力的最有效方式。     

义理学视阈:戴震对元气论思想的阐发

戴震的元气实体思想是在全面继承以往思想家提出的元气本体论学说及批判理学超验本体的基础上形成和发展起来的.戴震借用传统气、理、道等概念,并引入明清以来实学思潮中的"实体"观念,提出了"阴阳五行,道之实体"的思想,把其元气论建构在坚实的"实体实事"基础之上,构筑了形态完备的元气实体思想,成为其义理之学的重要组成部分.     

成就动机和性别对风险倾向的预测作用

研究通过对等同绝对值(CE)的比较将冒险倾向转换为可以量化比较的变量,旨在探讨成就动机和性别在经济获益和损失的各种概率情景下对冒险倾向的预测作用。结果发现,高低成就动机组并没有表现出冒险倾向的显著差异。进一步的相关分析发现,成就动机中的回避失败维度与获益情景下的冒险倾向相关显著,而追求成功维度与各个情景下的相关都不显著。以回避失败维度聚类得到的高低回避失败组,体现出来的冒险倾向趋势显示高回避失败组的被试在获益低概率、获益中等概率、获益高概率、损失低概率、损失中等概率和损失高概率6种情景下都更加回避冒险,而且两组等同绝对值中位数的差异在获益中等概率和获益高概率两种情况下达到显著。另外,冒险倾向的性别差异只在损失中等概率和损失高概率两种情景中达到显著,这两种情况下都是女性更冒险,这与传统的女性更保守的刻板印象不同。     

Between-subject or within-subject measures of regret: Dilemma and solution

The “action effect,” according to which actions produce more regret than failures to act, has been shown to disappear in between-subject designs. This phenomenon is replicated in a first study. It is then argued that this disappearance is due to the inability of regret scales to capture differences in perceived regret when used in between-subject designs, a difficulty that is highlighted by a second study. A new method, the common reference method, is proposed in order to overcome this problem. This method is demonstrated in a third and fourth study, and its boundary conditions are discussed, together with its possible extensions.     

儿童核心领域朴素"理论"的研究进展

核心领域朴素“理论”是目前儿童发展心理学研究中的前沿课题之一。学前儿童已获得丰富的关于客观世界的知识,并且大量的实验证明4岁儿童已经拥有心理理论,但是他们是否还具有其他核心领域朴素“理论”,这些朴素“理论”的发展是否具有同步性等问题,仍然是发展心理学领域中争论的焦点。该文介绍了核心领域朴素“理论”的研究新进展,并提出了有待进一步探讨的问题。     

"社会福音"与边地社会改良——中华基督教会边疆服务运动中的妇女事工

1939年冬,中华基督教会全国总会发起了一场旨在服务边疆以巩固抗战后方的社会运动即边疆服务运动.这场运动持续进行了16年,其中涉及有大量与妇女事工和福音传播事业相关的内容.中华基督教会全国总会为开展这一事业,专门成立了边疆服务部,设置了若干服务区,从教育、卫生、生计等各方面推进川西北少数民族地区和西康地区的妇女工作.与此同时,边部非常注重对边地妇女的传教授道,以促进基督教福音事业在边地的发展.边疆服务是一项有价值的社会事业,曾经得到社会的广泛认同和支持,所进行的社会改造及福音传播工作均取得了-定成绩,在边地内外均产生了较大的社会影响.因为篇幅的缘故,本文讨论的时间范围大致限定在1949年之前.     

After-School Supervision, Psychosocial Impact, and Adolescent Smoking and Alcohol Use in China

We examined effects of self-care after school hours and psychosocial factors on cigarette smoking and alcohol use among adolescents in China. Survey data were obtained from 4734 7th and 11th grade students from seven cities across China. Students were queried about the frequency and quantity of unsupervised self-care after school in an average week. Tobacco and alcohol usage were also obtained. Odds ratios were calculated to determine the strength of association between unsupervised self-care after school and substance use. Results indicated that the amount of self-care after-school (how many days and how many hours per week) was significantly associated with increased risk for smoking and alcohol use among Chinese adolescents. These associations remained significant even after controlling for anxiety, depressive symptoms, and peer influence. The interaction between unsupervised self-care after school and peer influence indicated that unsupervised self-care after school is a stronger risk factor for smoking among adolescents with pro-smoking friends. The findings suggest that substance use prevention programs for youth in China should try to enhance parental monitoring. As it may not be feasible for families to revert to a lifestyle that includes supervision by relatives, other approaches such as organized after-school care are worthy of consideration.