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181.
182.
This paper provides an in-depth, qualitative analysis of two Christian youth groups. Researchers conducted personal interviews
with participating youth and their youth ministers and collected extensive field notes on participant observations of youth
group events. Findings indicate the presence of youth group cliques with clear delineations about which participants are youth
group insiders and which are outsiders. Results show that insider participants are typically socioeconomically-advantaged
youth, while outsiders are typically youth from disadvantaged backgrounds. Despite the existence of these exclusionary practices
within both groups, leaders in the two cases demonstrate differing levels of awareness of and response to these dynamics.
This paper explores the specifics of both cases, illuminating who is targeted for exclusion within these groups and how this
targeting varies across the two congregational contexts. Implications of these findings are that religious youth groups may
perpetuate broader socioeconomic divisions. Specifically, the analysis reveals that rather than forming benign cliques, youth
group members may be discriminating against others based on their relative socioeconomic advantage. 相似文献
183.
Andrew Village 《Review of religious research》2012,54(2):175-196
The compensatory schema hypothesis (Hoffmann and Bartkowski, Soc Forces 86:1245–1272, 2008) has been used to explain why women
seem to have higher levels of biblical literalism than men in some Christian denominations. Based on social structuration
and gender theories, it proposes that biblical literalism is a key social schema in some denominations that deny women access
to institutional power. Women compensate for the lack of access to institutional social resources (leadership) by stressing
the accepted schema (literalism) more strongly than men. The theory was tested using two samples from the Church of England,
one lay (N = 394) and one ordained (N = 1,052). Laywomen were more literal than laymen among evangelicals and Anglo-catholics, where opposition to women’s ordination
is highest, but in both cases the difference was largely explained by differences in education levels between the sexes. Clergywomen,
with access to leadership resources, were less literal than clergymen in both Anglo-catholic and evangelical traditions. The
results offer rather weak support for the compensatory schema hypothesis, and alternative explanations of the findings are
discussed. 相似文献
184.
The illusion-of-transparency seems like an egocentric bias, in which people believe that their inner feelings, thoughts and
perspectives are more apparent to others than they actually are. In Experiment 1, participants read out true and false episodic memories to an audience. Participants over-estimated the number of people who would think that they were the liar, and they overestimated how many would correctly identify the liar. Experiment 2 found that with lessened task demands, and by using a scale of doubt, participants distinguished
lies from truthful statements (albeit with a degree of error). Over the two experiments, results indicated that people have
some ability to distinguish lies from truth (in illusion-of-transparency tasks), although people often overestimate this ability,
and participants sometimes think their own lies are easier to detect than is really the case. 相似文献
185.
Theo A. F. Kuipers 《Synthese》2012,184(1):63-71
It is argued that the conjunction effect has a disjunctive analog of strong interest for the realism–antirealism debate. It
is possible that a proper theory is more confirmed than its (more probable) observational sub-theory and hence than the latter’s
disjunctive equivalent, i.e., the disjunction of all proper theories that are empirically equivalent to the given one. This
is illustrated by a toy model. 相似文献
186.
In this paper we shed new light on the Argument from Disagreement by putting it to test in a computer simulation. According
to this argument widespread and persistent disagreement on ethical issues indicates that our moral opinions are not influenced
by any moral facts, either because no such facts exist or because they are epistemically inaccessible or inefficacious for
some other reason. Our simulation shows that if our moral opinions were influenced at least a little bit by moral facts, we
would quickly have reached consensus, even if our moral opinions were affected by factors such as false authorities, external
political shifts, and random processes. Therefore, since no such consensus has been reached, the simulation gives us increased
reason to take seriously the Argument from Disagreement. Our conclusion is however not conclusive; the simulation also indicates
what assumptions one has to make in order to reject the Argument from Disagreement. The simulation algorithm we use builds
on the work of Hegselmann and Krause (J Artif Soc Social Simul 5(3); 2002, J Artif Soc Social Simul 9(3), 2006). 相似文献
187.
Lydia Patton 《Synthese》2012,184(3):235-246
I examine the role of inference from experiment in theory building. What are the options open to the scientific community when faced with an experimental result that appears to be in conflict with accepted theory? I distinguish, in Laudan’s (1977), Nickels’s (1981), and Franklin’s (1993) sense, between the context of pursuit and the context of justification of a scientific theory. Making this distinction allows for a productive middle position between epistemic realism and constructivism. The decision to pursue a new or a revised theory in response to the new evidence may not be fully rationally determined. Nonetheless, it is possible to distinguish the question of whether there is reason to pursue a theory from the question of whether that theory, once it has been pursued over time, solves a problem of interest to science. I argue that, in this context, there is a solid way to distinguish between the contexts of pursuit and of justification, on the basis of a theory’s evidential support and problem-solving ability. 相似文献
188.
Mark A. Bedau 《Synthese》2012,185(1):73-88
This paper describes and defends the view that minimal chemical life essentially involves the chemical integration of three
chemical functionalities: containment, metabolism, and program (Rasmussen et al. in Protocells: bridging nonliving and living
matter, 2009a). This view is illustrated and explained with the help of CMP and Rasmussen diagrams (Rasmussen et al. In: Rasmussen et al.
(eds.) in Protocells: bridging nonliving and living matter, 71–100, 2009b), both of which represent the key chemical functional dependencies among containment, metabolism, and program. The CMP model
of minimal chemical life gains some support from the broad view of life as open-ended evolution, which I have defended elsewhere
(Bedau in The philosophy of artificial life, 1996; Bedau in Artificial Life, 4:125–140, 1998). Further support comes from the natural way the CMP model resolves the puzzle about whether life is a matter of degree. 相似文献
189.
David Atkinson 《Synthese》2012,184(1):49-61
So far no known measure of confirmation of a hypothesis by evidence has satisfied a minimal requirement concerning thresholds
of acceptance. In contrast, Shogenji’s new measure of justification (Shogenji, Synthese, this number 2009) does the trick.
As we show, it is ordinally equivalent to the most general measure which satisfies this requirement. We further demonstrate
that this general measure resolves the problem of the irrelevant conjunction. Finally, we spell out some implications of the
general measure for the Conjunction Effect; in particular we give an example in which the effect occurs in a larger domain,
according to Shogenji justification, than Carnap’s measure of confirmation would have led one to expect. 相似文献
190.
David Slutsky 《Synthese》2012,184(3):261-286
Many people argue that history makes a special difference to the subjects of biology and psychology, and that history does
not make this special difference to other parts of the world. This paper will show that historical properties make no more
or less of a difference to biology or psychology than to chemistry, physics, or other sciences. Although historical properties
indeed make a certain kind of difference to biology and psychology, this paper will show that historical properties make the
same kind of difference to geology, sociology, astronomy, and other sciences. Similarly, many people argue that nonhistorical
properties make a special difference to the nonbiological and the nonpsychological world. This paper will show that nonhistorical
properties make the same difference to all things in the world when it comes to their causal behavior and that historical
properties make the same difference to all things in the world when it comes to their distributions. Although history is special,
it is special in the same way to all parts of the world. 相似文献