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211.
In a princeps study, Trottier and Pratt (2005) showed that saccadic latencies were dramatically reduced when subjects were instructed to not simply look at a peripheral
target (reflexive saccade) but to identify some of its properties. According to the authors, the shortening of saccadic reactions
times may arise from a top-down disinhibition of the superior colliculus (SC), potentially mediated by the direct pathway
connecting frontal/prefrontal cortex structures to the SC. Using a “cue paradigm” (a cue preceded the appearance of the target),
the present study tests if the task instruction (Identify vs. Glance) also reduces the latencies of antisaccades (AS), which
involve prefrontal structures. We show that instruction reduces latencies for prosaccade but not for AS. An AS requires two
processes: the inhibition of a reflexive saccade and the generation of a voluntary saccade. To separate these processes and
to better understand the task effect we also test the effect of the task instruction only on voluntary saccades. The effect
still exists but it is much weaker than for reflexive saccades. The instruction effect closely depends on task demands in
executive resources. 相似文献
212.
Edward D. Barker Frank Vitaro Eric Lacourse Nathalie M. G. Fontaine Rene Carbonneau Richard E. Tremblay 《Aggressive behavior》2010,36(2):127-140
An experimental preventive intervention nested into a longitudinal study was used to test the developmental distinctiveness of proactive and reactive aggression. The randomized multimodal preventive intervention targeted a subsample of boys rated disruptive by their teachers. These boys were initially part of a sample of 895 boys, followed from kindergarten to 17 years of age. Semiparametric analyses of developmental trajectories for self‐reported proactive and reactive aggression (between 13 and 17 years of age) indicated three trajectories for each type of aggression that varied in size and shape (Low, Moderate, and High Peaking). Intent‐to‐treat comparisons between the boys in the prevention group and the control group confirmed that the preventive intervention between 7 and 9 years of age, which included parenting skills and social skills training, could impact the development of reactive more than proactive aggression. The intervention effect identified in reactive aggression was related to a reduction in self‐reported coercive parenting. The importance of these results for the distinction between subtypes of aggressive behaviors and the value of longitudinal‐experimental studies from early childhood onward is discussed. Aggr. Behav. 36:127–140, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
213.
Eva Van den Bussche Gethin Hughes Nathalie Van Humbeeck Bert Reynvoet 《Consciousness and cognition》2010,19(1):86-97
Dehaene et al., 2006, Koch and Tsuchiya, 2007 recently proposed taxonomies that distinguish between four processing states, based on bottom-up stimulus strength and top-down attentional amplification. The aim of the present study was to empirically test these processing states using the priming paradigm. Our results showed that attention (prime attended or not) and stimulus strength (prime presented subliminally or not) significantly modulated priming effects: either receiving top-down attention or possessing sufficient bottom-up strength was a prerequisite for a stimulus to elicit priming. When both top-down attention and sufficient bottom-up strength were present, the priming effect was boosted. The origins of the observed priming effects also varied between different processing states. We can conclude that our empirical study using the priming paradigm confirmed the presence of four processing states, which displayed a differential pattern of response priming effects and differential origins of the response priming effects. 相似文献
214.
215.
Henry W. Chase Nathalie Camille Albert Michael Edward T. Bullmore Trevor W. Robbins Barbara J. Sahakian 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(3):406-413
Disruption of normal emotional experience is central to the phenomenology of depression. Twenty-three depressed outpatients
and 23 control subjects performed a computerized decision-making task, during which affective ratings were assessed online
to identify various dimensions of emotional experience. We sought to contrast regret (the comparison of the outcomes of selected
and nonselected options) with the general negative appraisal of task events. The experience of regret was reduced in depressed
patients, an effect that was particularly related to self-reported apathy scores. In an exploratory analysis, we observed
that females had a general downward shift in their ratings, as compared with males, but disappointment and regret effects
were of similar magnitude. The possible contribution of the orbitofrontal cortex to the phenomenology of regret is discussed.
Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://cabn.psychonomic-journals.org/content/ supplemental. 相似文献
216.
Nathalie Prudhomme 《Infant and child development》2003,12(4):369-385
Maternal distancing strategies (Sigel, 1993 in The Development and Meaning of Psychological Distance , Cocking R, Renninger KA (eds). Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ; 141–158) with 20‐month‐olds were analysed during a mother–child interaction in a free play situation. Then, they were related to memory performance of the children as assessed by the elicited imitation paradigm with 4 three‐step sequences of actions (Bauer, Hertsgaard, Child Dev. 1993; 64 :1204). The aim of this work was to (1) confirm that the Sigel's model of distancing could be used with very young children under two; (2) study relationships between maternal distancing that stimulate representational competence of the child and memory performance of the children. Results showed two different patterns of correlations depending on the sequence type: for enabling sequences, significant positive correlations were obtained for the first two distancing levels whereas for arbitrary sequences no correlation was found whatever the distancing level. As discussed, the first pattern brings new arguments in support of declarative memory before the age of 2 years and reframes the memory development in a Vygotskyian interactionist perspective. The second pattern of correlations calls for replication and more investigation about the processes implied in memory of very young children for different sequence types. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
217.
Correlates of Mental Disorders in the Quebec General Population of 6 to 14-Year Olds 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Bergeron L Valla JP Breton JJ Gaudet N Berthiaume C Lambert J St-Georges M Smolla N 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2000,28(1):47-62
Previous epidemiological studies of correlates of child and adolescent mental disorders in the general population have focused more on child/adolescent and socioeconomic/sociodemographic characteristics than on family characteristics. Moreover, there are no generally accepted methods to analyze and interpret correlates. The purpose of the Quebec Child Mental Health Survey in this regard was twofold: (1) to identify correlates of DSM-III-R internalizing and externalizing disorders according to informant (youth, parent, teacher), for three age groups (6–8, 9–11, and 12–14 years), including relevant family characteristics not considered in previous studies; and (2) to interpret the relative importance of risk indicators by ranking correlates according to strength and consistency of association across age groups. Logistic regression models suggest the inconsistency of correlates across informants. The ranking of correlates reveals that individual and family characteristics make a more important contribution than do socioeconomic characteristics, thereby supporting the relevance of proximal variables in the development of psychopathology. 相似文献
218.
219.
Océane Agli Nathalie Bailly Claude Ferrand Guillaume Martinent 《Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging》2018,30(3):268-278
ABSTRACTThis study aimed to observe dementia’s role in the relationship between spirituality, quality of life, and depression in aging. The sample included 61 participants between 65 and 98 years old, separated into two groups: participants diagnosed with dementia (N = 31) and control participants (N = 30). There was no significant difference in spirituality between demented and control participants; however, different patterns of correlation were observed between spirituality, depression, and quality of life in these groups. Although the level of spirituality did not differ despite dementia, this pathology would appear to play a role in the relationship between spirituality, quality of life, and depression. 相似文献
220.
Topoi - New definitions are proposed for communication and language. Communication is defined as the evolution of physical, biochemical, cellular, community, and technological information exchange.... 相似文献