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101.
Anthony Biglan Dennis Ary Virginia Koehn Debra Levings Sandra Smith Zada Wright Lisa James Jamye Henderson 《American journal of community psychology》1996,24(5):625-638
A community intervention to mobilize positive reinforcement for not selling tobacco to young people was evaluated. The intervention
had five components: (a) mobilization of community support, (b) merchant education, (c) changing consequences to clerks for
selling or not selling to those under 18, (d) publicity about clerks’ refusals to sell, and (e) feedback to store owners or
managers about the extent of their sales to adolescents. A multiple baseline design experiment was conducted, in which two
small Oregon communities received the intervention, while two others continued in baseline. Outlets’ willingness to sell was
assessed repeatedly by teenage volunteers. The intervention significantly reduced the proportion of stores willing to sell.
Mobilizing socia and material reinforcement for stores not selling tobacco to young people is a viable means of reducing such
sales. It may be especially valuable in communities where laws against sales to minors go unenforced.
This paper supported in part by the National Cancer Institute Grant CA38273. 相似文献
102.
This article expands the conceptual framework of considerations of the self and identity in career development theory and practice. A brief review of the existing self and identity constructs in career development theory is provided. Selected advances in theoretical considerations of the self and identity emerging from fields outside of the purview of career development are presented with a focus on the importance of the relational and cultural contexts. An “embeddedness” perspective is offered that describes the interdependence between intrapersonal experience and social, relational, historical, and cultural contexts. A case vignette is provided to illustrate the implications for practice of that perspective. 相似文献
103.
Debra Vandervoort 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1995,14(1):69-82
This study assessed the relationship of depression, anxiety, and hostility to physical health in a multicultural student population
(N=106). When controlling for a variety of demographic and health risk factors (viz., age, sex, body mass, smoking, alcohol,
salt, caffeine, and exercise), hostility, depression, and anxiety were related to higher reported incidences of physical symptoms
and somatic illness. Depression and hostility had the strongest relationships with physical health, although the most striking
single relationship was between depression and illness. Results suggest that it may be premature to focus our attention on
hostility in research on the personality-illness relationship. They also suggest that the health behavior model of the relationship
between personality and disease does not provide an adequate explanation, since negative affect was significantly associated
with illness even when controlling for a variety of health risk factors.
This work was supported, in part, by an intramural grant from the University of Hawaii, #R511. 相似文献
104.
Summary Butler and Hains (1979) found individual differences in the effect of word length on RT in word naming and lexical-decision tasks; subjects scoring high on a vocabulary test were much less affected by word length than subjects with low scores. The present study attempted to determine whether such differences could be due to differences in the use of intraword structure, since word recognition has been linked, both empirically (Mason, 1978; Scheerer-Neumann, 1981) and theoretically (Mewhort & Campbell, 1981) to the use of orthographic redundancy. In Experiment 1, subjects were shown tachistoscopically presented letter strings varying in approximation to English. High vocabulary subjects were more capable of capitalizing on the redundancy with the higher-order approximations. Experiment 2 then established that performance on the vocabulary test was correlated with reading skill, measured by the Nelson-Denny Reading Test, and that skilled readers were more sensitive to the syllable structure in words. In the experiment, subjects were shown eight-letter words presented as three separate word units which either matched or violated syllable boundaries in the word. Skilled readers were more sensitive to the difference between syllable and nonsyllable units than were less skilled readers. The results obtained by Butler and Hains appear to reflect differences in reading skill and the efficiency of letter sequence parsing prior to word recognition. 相似文献
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108.
A community program to reward children's use of seat belts 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Michael C. Roberts Debra Fanurik David R. Wilson 《American journal of community psychology》1988,16(3):395-407
This paper reports on a community-wide effort to increase elementary school children's use of seat belts. Twenty-five schools serving over 9,000 children participated in a program of rewards (stickers, bumper strips, and chances on pizza dinners) administered by parent-teacher organization volunteers. Comprehensive observations were made at three representative schools. Categorization of compliance with safety rules required all passengers to be buckled into safety devices before the children received the rewards. The rewards, on average across schools, increased compliance from baseline of 18.1% to 62.4% during the interventions. Withdrawal of the rewards resulted in a decrease to 49% compliance, but this rate remained above baseline. The involvement of community groups and institutions in this safety program is highlighted. 相似文献
109.
DOMINANCE AND INEQUALITY IN X-RATED VIDEOCASSETTES 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Gloria Cowan Carole Lee Daniella Levy Debra Snyder 《Psychology of women quarterly》1988,12(3):299-311
Feminists have been concerned about the debasement of women in sexually explicit material. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of domination and sexual inequality in x-rated videocassettes through a content analysis of 45 widely available x-rated videocassettes. The sample was randomly drawn from a list of 121 adult movie titles widely available in family videocassette rental stores in southern California. Over half of the explicitly sexual scenes were coded as predominantly concerned with domination or exploitation. Most of the domination and exploitation was directed by men toward women. Specific indicators of domination and sexual inequality, including physical violence, occurred frequently. The growth of the videocassette rental industry and the popularity of x-rated films, coupled with the messages these films convey, is a cause for concern. 相似文献
110.