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71.
Research shows that target race can influence the decision to shoot armed and unarmed Black and White males (e.g., Correll, Park, Judd, & Wittenbrink, 2002). To date, however, research has only examined category level effects by comparing average responses to Blacks and Whites. The current studies investigated whether target prototypicality influences the decision to shoot above and beyond the effect of race. Here, we replicated racial bias in shoot decisions and demonstrated that bias was moderated by target prototypicality. As target prototypicality increased, participants showed greater racial bias. Further, when targets were unprototypic, racial bias reversed (e.g., participants mistakenly shot more unarmed Whites than Blacks). Study 2 examined whether these effects were observed among police officers. Although police showed no racial bias on average, target prototypicality significantly influenced judgments. Across both studies, sensitivity to variability in Whites' prototypicality drove these effects, while variation in Black prototypicality did not affect participants' decisions. 相似文献
72.
This research examines the thesis that religiosity has conflicting influences on Americans' attitudes about the use of torture on terrorism suspects: an organic influence favoring opposition to torture and a discursively driven influence favoring support of torture. In each of two national samples, religiosity had both a direct effect toward opposition to torture and an indirect effect-via conservative political alignment-toward support of torture. Multiple-group analyses revealed that the direct effect toward opposition to torture did not vary across Americans with differing levels of exposure to political discourse, whereas the indirect effect toward support of torture via conservative political alignment was much stronger among Americans highly exposed to political discourse. Among such individuals, the indirect effect was so strong that it completely counteracted the competing direct effect. Discussion focuses on the competing influences that a single nonpolitical psychological characteristic may have on a political preference. 相似文献
73.
This study investigated the role of dispositional mindful attention in immediate reactivity to, and subsequent recovery from, laboratory-induced negative emotion. One hundred and fourteen undergraduates viewed blocks of negative pictures followed by neutral pictures. Participants’ emotional responses to negative pictures and subsequent neutral pictures were assessed via self-reported ratings. Participants’ emotional response to negative pictures was used to index level of emotional reactivity to unpleasant stimuli; emotional response to neutral pictures presented immediately after the negative pictures was used to index level of emotional recovery from pre-induced negative emotion (residual negativity). Results indicated that mindful attention was not associated with the emotional response to negative pictures, but it was associated with reduced negative emotion in response to the neutral pictures presented immediately after the negative pictures, suggesting better recovery as opposed to reduced reactivity. This effect was especially pronounced in later experimental blocks when the accumulation of negative stimuli produced greater negative emotion from which participants had to recover. The current study extends previous findings on the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and reduced negative emotion by demonstrating that mindful attention may facilitate better recovery from negative emotion, possibly through more effective disengagement from previous stimuli. 相似文献
74.
The reorientation task is a paradigm that has been used extensively to study the types of information used by humans and animals to navigate in their environment. In this task, subjects are reinforced for going to a particular location in an arena that is typically rectangular in shape. The subject then has to find that location again after being disoriented, and possibly after changes have been made to the arena. This task is used to determine the geometric and featural cues that can be used to reorient the agent in the arena. The purpose of the present paper is to present several simulation results that show that a simple neural network, a perceptron, can be used to generate many of the traditional findings that have been obtained using the reorientation task. These results suggest that reorientation task regularities can be explained without appealing to a geometric module that is a component of spatial processing. 相似文献
75.
Many species have been shown to encode multiple sources of information to orient. To examine what kinds of information animals
use to locate a goal we manipulated cue rotation, cue availability, and inertial orientation when the food-storing Clark’s
nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) was searching for a hidden goal in a circular arena. Three groups of birds were used, each with a different goal–landmark
distance. As the distance between the goal and the landmark increased, nutcrackers were less accurate in finding the correct
direction to the goal than they were at estimating the distance (Experiment 1). To further examine what cues the birds were
using to calculate direction, the featural cues within the environment were rotated by 90° and the birds were either oriented
when searching (Experiments 2 and 3) or disoriented (Experiment 3). In Experiment 4, all distinctive visual cues were removed
(both internal and external to the environment), a novel point of entry was used and the birds were either oriented or disoriented.
We found that disorienting the nutcrackers so that they could not use inertial cues did not influence the birds’ total search
error. The birds relied heavily but not completely on cues within the environment, as rotating available cues caused them
to systematically shift their search behavior. In addition, the birds also relied to some extent on Earth-based cues. These
results show the flexible nature of cue use by the Clark’s nutcracker. Our study shows how multiple sources of spatial information
may be important for extracting multiple bearings for navigation. 相似文献
76.
Debbie Sookman Jonathan S Abramowitz John E. Calamari Sabine Wilhelm Dean McKay 《Behavior Therapy》2005,36(4):393-400
Although obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heterogeneous condition, OCD subtypes have received limited attention in trials of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Because many patients with OCD do not respond optimally to CBT, it is important for clinicians to consider whether variability in treatment response is related to symptom presentation. Treatment modifications for patients without overt compulsions or with hoarding symptoms show promise. In this article we discuss the available research addressing the treatment of OCD subtypes, review the clinical characteristics and treatment recommendations for prominent OCD subtypes, raise the prospect of using dysfunctional beliefs as a potentially helpful conceptual approach to subtyping OCD and matching treatment to subtypes, and consider future directions in the treatment of OCD subtypes. 相似文献
77.
Jan Marie Graham Mary Gene Saudelli Debbie Sheppard-LeMoine 《Mental health, religion & culture》2019,22(4):344-356
Many Qatari families are opting to have their children educated at international schools with curricula based upon western thought and educational standards. Exploring the perceptions of Qatari adolescents as they are engaged in this experience provided an opportunity to uncover the phenomenon of Qatari ways of being as related to Western educational thought. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used to investigate the lived experience of Qatari adolescents attending gender integrated, international, secondary schools in Qatar. Nineteen participants took part in five gender segregated focus groups. Qatari Culture and Islamic faith were the primary themes that emerged and these interconnected with the sub-themes of family, identity, and respect. The participants shared common traits with Third Culture Kids. At times, school expectations, norms and values conflicted with traditional family values, practices and culture, but participants saw the cross-cultural value in attending international schools. 相似文献
78.
Anne Williford Paula J. Fite Kathryn J. DePaolis John L. Cooley Patricia H. Hawley Debbie Isen 《Journal Of Applied School Psychology》2019,35(2):146-175
Although most states across the United States have enacted anti-bullying legislation, state laws vary greatly in detail and direction, leaving many school districts wondering how to best address the problem of bullying and comply with their state’s legislative requirements. In response, a comprehensive, statewide training initiative was conducted for school personnel to offer guidance on developing and implementing such policies at the local level. In the present piece, the authors explicate the process by which they (a) derived theoretically grounded, empirically driven recommendations; (b) developed training materials and a project website; and (c) disseminated the material and recommendations across the state. They also present key outcomes as a result of this training initiative. 相似文献
79.
Windy Dryden Nicola Hurton Debbie Malki Panayota Manias Katie Williams 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2008,26(2):63-88
This exploratory research set out to develop an initial framework and categorization scheme for understanding patients’ initial
doubts, reservations and objections to the ABC’s of REBT and their application. 60 patients were asked to write down their
doubts following a pre-therapy “Introduction to REBT” session. Subsequently, an emergent content analysis was carried out
to identify main themes. The content analysis revealed five general categories, of which the two largest ones concerned theoretical
doubts about the ABC model, and doubts about putting the ABC model into practice. Further sub-categorization revealed a variety
of concerns that related to these categories. For example, a large proportion of doubts about putting the ABC model into practice
were sub-categorized as concerning the perceived difficulty of doing so. In turn, this sub-category contained further sub-categories
of difficulty-related beliefs.
相似文献
Windy DrydenEmail: |
80.
A real-world open-field search task was implemented with humans as an analogue of Blaisdell and Cook’s (Anim Cogn 8:7–16,
2005) pigeon foraging task and Sturz, Bodily, and Katz’s (Anim Cogn 9:207–217, 2006) human virtual foraging task to 1) determine whether humans were capable of integrating independently learned spatial maps
and 2) make explicit comparisons of mechanisms used by humans to navigate real and virtual environments. Participants searched
for a hidden goal located in one of 16 bins arranged in a 4 × 4 grid. In Phase 1, the goal was hidden between two landmarks
(blue T and red L). In Phase 2, the goal was hidden to the left and in front of a single landmark (blue T). Following training,
goal-absent trials were conducted in which the red L from Phase 1 was presented alone. Bin choices during goal-absent trials
assessed participants’ strategies: association (from Phase 1), generalization (from Phase 2), or integration (combination of Phase 1 and 2). Results were inconsistent with those obtained with pigeons but were consistent with those
obtained with humans in a virtual environment. Specifically, during testing, participants did not integrate independently
learned spatial maps but used a generalization strategy followed by a shift in search behavior away from the test landmark.
These results were confirmed by a control condition in which a novel landmark was presented during testing. Results are consistent
with the bulk of recent findings suggesting the use of alternative navigational strategies to cognitive mapping. Results also
add to a growing body of literature suggesting that virtual environment approaches to the study of spatial learning and memory
have external validity and that spatial mechanisms used by human participants in navigating virtual environments are similar
to those used in navigating real-world environments. 相似文献