Personality correlates of exceptional personal influence: A note on Thorndike's (1950) creators and leaders

Past investigations suggest that the magnitude of social influence exerted by an eminent individual may be determined by similar personality traits for both creators and leaders. This hypothesis is tested by examining the 91 historical figures whom Thorndike (1950) had assessed on 48 characteristics. After collapsing these assessments into the four dimensions of industriousness, extraversion, aggressiveness, and intelligence, and objectively measuring the differential eminence of the individuals using a composite archival index, it was found that achieved distinction in both domains was a positive linear function of intelligence and aggressiveness. Not only were the functions identical across both creators and leaders, but the relationships also seemed to be transhistorically invariant.     

Errors and Understanding: The Effects of Error-Management Training on Creative Problem-Solving

People make errors in their creative problem-solving efforts. The intent of this article was to assess whether error-management training would improve performance on creative problem-solving tasks. Undergraduates were asked to solve an educational leadership problem known to call for creative thought where problem solutions were scored for quality, originality, and elegance. Prior to beginning work on their problem solutions, participants were provided with training in 0 to 4 error-management strategies. It was found that error-management training was beneficial for talented people (as indicated by scores on the pretraining exercise) resulting in solutions of greater originality. The implications of these findings for improving performance on creative problem-solving tasks are discussed.     

The interaction model of anxiety: An empirical test in a parachute training situation

The interaction model of anxiety was examined by assessing both state and trait anxiety in 64 male military personnel on a Basic Parachutist Course. Two separate tests of the interactional model of anxiety were conducted, involving physical danger and social evaluation situations. The same subjects participated in both studies. In both physical danger and social evaluation studies, measures of state anxiety and cognitive appraisal (perception) of anxiety were obtained in both high-stress and non-stress conditions. Measures of social evaluation and physical danger trait anxiety were obtained in a low-stress condition. The interactional model was strongly supported for the physical danger situation. As predicted, high physical danger trait anxiety subjects experienced greater increases in state anxiety than low physical danger subjects proceeding from the non-stress to the high stress physical danger condition. The interaction model was not supported in the social evaluation situation; although not significant, mean levels of state anxiety were in the predicted direction. Results are discussed in the context of person perception and the need for testing personality models in realistic field settings.     

The Theory-Practice Gap in Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

This special series is devoted to understanding the theory-practice gap in cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT). Although CBT enjoys considerable empirical support, and is widely recognized as an efficacious approach to a diversity of psychiatric disorders and includes many different forms of treatment, it is unclear whether clinicians are familiar with the underlying theories of the treatments they are practicing. Moreover, it is unclear to what degree an understanding of the theory is necessary for effective practice. Gaining clarity on the role of understanding underlying theory and identifying potential disparities between theory and practice may have implications for the way graduate training programs are structured and current professionals approach continuing education. A brief exploration of these implications will be offered by introducing issues related to the scientist-practitioner model and dissemination of efficacious treatments, in addition to an outline of potential advantages and disadvantages of knowing underlying theory. This special series will then feature several major approaches to treatment wherein the role of theory and practice are discussed.     

Inside the leader relationship: constructive controversy for team effectiveness in China

Research is needed to understand the dynamics by which high‐quality leader relationships have their productive effects on followers. This study proposes that these leader relationships do not simply induce compliance but encourage employees and managers to discuss their diverse views open‐mindedly and constructively. Team leaders indicated leader–member relationship with employees who rated their constructive controversy and their team's effectiveness and feelings of respect, support, and reduced stress. Structural equation analysis suggested that leader–member relationship affects employee team productivity and emotions through constructive controversy. The study's findings and previous research were interpreted as suggesting that high‐quality leader relationships coupled with constructive controversy provide a foundation for effective team leadership in China.     

Procedures for Increasing Sustained Attention in Adults with Mild Intellectual Disabilities

The Psychological Record - This research compared the effects of several factors on sustained attention in four participants with mild or mild-to-moderate intellectual disabilities. In each...     

Georges Dumézil: Theories,Critiques and Theoretical Extensions

Georges Dumézil, best known as the deviser of the theory of a tripartite patterning impulse in the cultures making up the Indo-European (I-E) linguistic group, spent sixty years refining this concept, and adding other themes such as the bifurcation of his fonctions and the concept of Interfunctional War. Before his death, his ideas were used to explain I-E patterns in cultural areas such as the Celtic, the Norse-Scandinavian and the Western medieval; since his death, his theorised structures have served as a base for such extensions as a ‘fourth’ function, a feminine potency to the formula and age-set-divisions as a part of the patterning impulse. Critics have concentrated on philological points, though some have denied the existence of the I-E tripartite division tout court. Just before Dumézil's death a variation on the ‘revisionist’ line began to accuse him of suspect personal–political opinions, and these accusations continue. The ultimate usefulness of Dumézil is the flexibility of his system and the extraordinary range of materials one can draw into his theories; his value is as a ‘medium’ for further research and theoretical structuring.     

Legal drinking age and alcohol consumption

Utilizing samples from two states, one where the legal age for the possession and consumption of alcohol was 18 (Louisiana) and one where the legal age was 21 (North Carolina), we examine the assumption that restricting access to alcohol results in lower alcohol consumption rates for the target population (age 18–20). We find little support for this assumption, but considerable evidence that restrictive legislation drives younger drinkers underground, resulting in overall higher consumption rates for the target population.     

Deviance,deference, and demeanor: Birthday cards as ceremonial tokens

The present paper examines the incidence of deviant messages and images in one of the most widely used modes of interpersonal communication, i.e., birthday cards. The sample consists of 535 birthday cards randomly selected from fourteen retail outlets in a metropolitan (SMSA) area. Each outlet represented a geographically distinct high‐traffic area varying in type of establishment (discount, drug, dime, department, grocery and card stores) and socioeconomic level of the community. Both the incidence and type of deviance, the characteristics of cards in which deviance is represented, and the characteristics of the sender/receiver population are discussed within the context of Goffman's concept of ceremonial activity.     

Book review

Gangbangs and Drive‐bys: Grounded Culture and Juvenile Gang Violence. By William B. Sanders, New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 1994, 198 pages. (ISBN 0–202–30536–8)