The influence of articulation,self‐monitoring ability,and sensitivity to others on creativity

Although it is often recommended to think aloud to solve problems and to become more creative, cognitive and social psychological research suggests thinking aloud may actually produce less creative ideas than thinking in silence. The results of two experiments indeed showed that thinking aloud hinders creativity—although people produced the same amount of new uses for an object, these were judged to be less original in the thinking aloud condition. Experiment 2 further showed that this effect was particularly pronounced for individuals with high sensitivity to what other's think of them and low ability to adapt to these expectations. From this, we conclude that the felt presence of an actual or implied audience when thinking aloud, reduces creative idea generation especially among those having difficulty adapting to others. Implications for creativity research, and for promoting creativity in applied settings such as organizational teams are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

When Leaders Are Seen as Transformational: The Effects of Organizational Justice1

In 2 studies, we attempted to make a first step toward integrating the literature on transformational leadership and organizational justice. We examined the extent to which justice affects perceptions of transformational leadership. We predicted that especially interactional justice should have strong effects. Study 1 was a vignette study (N = 100) in which distributive, procedural, and interactional justice were manipulated orthogonally. As expected, only interactional justice affected transformational leadership perceptions. Study 2 replicated these results in an organizational field study (N = 257). Distributive and procedural justice affected perceptions of transformational leadership, but when interactional justice was entered in the regression equation, their effects disappeared. Implications for integrating the literature on transformational leadership and organizational justice are discussed.     

Self-control in male and female rats

Eight male and 8 female Wistar rats were exposed to a discrete-trial procedure in which they chose between the presentation of a small (one pellet) or a large (three pellets) reinforcer. The delay to the small and large reinforcer was 6.0 s in the first condition of Experiment 1. Subjects consistently chose the large reinforcer. When the delay to the small reinforcer was decreased to 0.1 s in the next experimental condition, all subjects continued to choose the large 6.0-s delayed reinforcer. When the contingencies correlated with the two levers were reversed in the next experimental condition, the majority of subjects (5 males and 6 females) still chose the large delayed reinforcer over the small immediately presented reinforcer. The delay to the small reinforcer was maintained at 6.0 s, but the delay to the large reinforcer was varied among 9.0, 15.0, 24.0, and 36.0 s in Experiment 2, in which 4 males and 4 females participated. Most subjects consistently chose the large increasingly delayed reinforcer, although choice for the small 6.0-s delayed reinforcer developed in some females when the large reinforcer was delayed for 24.0 or 36.0 s. These choice patterns were not predicted from a literal application of a model that says choice should favor the alternative correlated with the higher (amount/delay) ratio.     

The role of direction information in the perception of geometric optic flow components

Theoretically, optic flow, an important source of information for the perception of locomotion and three-dimensional structure of the environment, is described in terms of divergence, curl, and shear components. We measured how the detection of the type of flow field depends on directional information. We manipulated the local directions by rotating them through an angle x relative to the original direction (i.e., the direction of motion at that locus in an unaltered flow field). The results of the first experiments showed that divergence, curl, and shear can be detected even if the directional range of the individual motion vectors is as broad as 180 degrees. Subsequent experiments revealed that the detection of the geometric components of the optic flow field is merely based on the integration of a few (10% of vectors) local directions correctly (within 10 degrees of original direction) specifying the type of flow field. Other directions are irrelevant to this process. This is actually what one would expect if the optic flow is analyzed by special purpose mechanisms that detect and process the geometric components on the basis of the integration of motion information. The results indicate that as far as they integrate motion information, detectors for divergence, curl, and shear operate in a similar manner. Implications of the results for modeling such mechanisms are discussed.     

Mind-World Identity Theory and Semantic Realism: Haldane and Boulter on Aquinas

Stephen Boulter, in The Philosophical Quarterly , 48 (1998), pp. 504–13, attacks John Haldane's proposed account of the relationship between mind and world based on Aquinas' theory of cognition. Boulter argues against Haldane's attempt to square metaphysical realism with semantic anti-realism. I argue that even if metaphysical realism and a full-bodied semantic anti-realism may be incompatible, from the stance of the mind-world identity theory, one may nevertheless maintain metaphysical realism together with the negation of semantic realism. I suggest that this is what Haldane actually claimed, and moreover that Aquinas would have accepted it. Aquinas' analogy-based semantics enlarges the recognitional capacities of speakers, and one's capacity to recognize a fact empirically is different from one's capacity to form thoughts about a fact.     

The Impact of Conflict Issues on Fixed-Pie Perceptions, Problem Solving, and Integrative Outcomes in Negotiation

It is argued that a negotiator's fixed-pie perception, cooperative motivation, problem-solving behavior, and integrative outcomes are influenced by the content of the negotiation—the conflict issue. Negotiation involves conflicting interests, conflicting ideas about intellective problems, or conflicting ideas about evaluative problems. Study 1 showed that individuals in a negotiation about interests have a stronger fixed-pie perception and have a lower cooperative motivation than individuals in an evaluative negotiation, with intellective negotiations taking an intermediate position. Study 2 showed that individuals in a negotiation about interests made more trade-offs and reached higher joint outcomes than individuals in an intellective or evaluative negotiation. Study 3 replicated this finding in a field study. The studies bridge insights from negotiation research and decision-making research and show that the conflict issue has important effects on the negotiation process.     

科技人员创造动机与创造力的研究

本研究初步探讨了我国科技人员创造动机与创造力的关系及其基本特征。 1 74名科技人员回答了成就目标、内部动机与外部动机、创造动机和创造力问卷。研究结果表明我国科技人员有较高的创造力和创造动机水平 ,在动机中内部动机水平最高。在动机与创造力的关系上 ,内部动机对创造力的直接与间接影响均达到了显著水平 ,外部动机对创造力的负面影响没有达到显著水平 ,任务目标对创造力无影响 ,自我目标对创造力的积极影响未达到显著水平。