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911.
In this paper, we investigate the role of response fluency on a well-known intelligence test, Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM) test. Finding rules that govern the items is critical in solving this test. Finding these rules is conceptualized as sampling rules from a (statistical) rule distribution until the correct one is attained. Response fluency is then seen as generation speed, or the speed at which a person generates (samples) rules from this distribution. We develop a test that isolates this speed of sampling variable, and a method to check whether this variable was adequately isolated. The score on this test is then compared with performance on the APM test. It is found that the speed at which people sample from such distributions is an important variable in solving APM items. 相似文献
912.
Trust and fear of exploitation in a public goods dilemma 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
David De Cremer 《Current Psychology》1999,18(2):153-163
The present article presents a brief theoretical overview about the role of trust in promoting cooperation in public goods
dilemmas. Until now, no research has been conducted to explore the different psychological variables which are related to
trust and which may help clarify the role of trust in public goods dilemmas. This article proposes some theoretical assumptions
which explain that trust reduces people's experiences of fear of exploitation. This article also relates the concept of trust
to perceptions of fairness and collective efficacy. Finally, some empirical evidence is presented to test these assumptions.
Results show that trust seems, indeed, to have an effect on people's experiences of fear and, even more importantly, the power
of trust to reduce fear seems to be strongly related to perceptions of fairness and collective efficacy. 相似文献
913.
In assessing the relationship between self-esteem and in-group/outgroup evaluations, this study examined whether self-esteem
is better measured at a collective (collective self-esteem [CSE]) than a personal level (personal self-esteem [PSE]). It was
expected that subjects high in CSE would engage in more in-group favoritism (measured by in-group evaluations), whereas those
low in CSE would engage in more outgroup derogation (measured by outgroup evaluations). No effect for PSE was predicted. Furthermore,
the study explored whether perceptions of collective efficacy may underlie this relationship. Subjects played a public goods
task. The in-group's outcome was compared to the outcome of other relevant outgroups, enhancing pressures towards intergroup
differentiation. Consistent with the predictions, subjects high in CSE evaluated in-group members more positively than those
in low CSE (i.e., in-group favoritism), whereas subjects low in CSE evaluated outgroup members more negatively than those
high in CSE (i.e., outgroup derogation). Also in line with our predictions, no effect for PSE was found. Perceptions of collective
efficacy appeared to be a mediator of the effect of CSE. 相似文献
914.
915.
The problem of disease definition is related to theproblem of proving that a certain agent is thenecessary cause of a certain disease. Natural kindterms like rheumatoid arthritis and AIDS refer toessences which are discoverable rather thanpredeterminate. No statement about such diseases isa priori necessarily true. Because theories onnecessary causes involve natural kind semantics,Koch's postulates cannot be used to falsify or verifysuch theories. Instead of proving that agent A is thenecessary cause of disease D, we include A in atheoretical definition of D, take this to representthe real meaning of D, and discard thepretheoretical definition. This is illustrated byKoch's own attempt to prove he had discovered thenecessary cause of tuberculosis. Methodologicalarguments about disease causation require a clear viewof our use of diagnostic terms. Medical lexicographersshould do more to provide such a view. 相似文献
916.
917.
In this paper, a replication of the color-constancy study of Arend and Reeves (1986) is reported, and an alternative method is presented that can be used for the study of higher order aspects of color constancy, such as memory, familiarity, and perceptual organization. Besides a simultaneous presentation of standard and test illuminants, we also carried out an experiment in which the illuminants were presented successively. The results were similar to Arend and Reeves’s; however, in the object-matching condition of the successive experiment, we found an overestimation, instead of an underestimation, of the illuminant component. Because the results of matching experiments are difficult to interpret, mainly due to their sensitivity to instruction effects, we introduced another type of color-constancy task. In this task, subjects simply named the color of a simulated patch. It was found that, by applying such a task, a reliable measure of the degree of identification of object color can be obtained. 相似文献
918.
ABSTRACT Mental act verbs are used to study implicit theories of intelligence as represented by mental activities. First, the multidimensional structure of the verbs was studied using a sorting task. The resulting structure was interpreted primarily in terms of three properties: a working property that refers to the operational aspect of information processing (and that is closely related to depth of a cognitive activity), a judgment property, and a creativity property. Second, the notion of intelligence was projected onto the structure, rating the verbs to determine how much intelligence they represented. We discovered that mental activities scoring high on intelligence were related primarily to the working property and to in-depth processing. 相似文献
919.
920.