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91.
Whereas many studies have considered the role of attention in prospective timing, fewer have established relations between movement complexity and prospective timing. The present study aims at assessing to what extent motion complexity interferes with prospective timing and at delineating a neuropsychophysical plausible model. We have thus designed a visual paradigm presenting stimuli in sequential pairs (reference comparison interval). Stimuli are motionless or moving according to different complexities, and stimulus complexities are intermixed within each pair. To prevent a possible attention-sharing effect, no concurrent task was required. Our study suggests that movement complexity is a key component of duration perception, and that the relative judgement of durations depends on spatio-temporal features of stimuli. In particular, it shows that movement complexity can bias subjects’ perception and performance, and that subjects detect that comparison intervals are longer than reference before their end. In the discussion, we advocate that the classical internal clock model cannot easily account for our results. Consequently, we propose a model for time perception, based on a parallel processing between comparison interval perception and the reconstruction of the reference duration. 相似文献
92.
The present study investigated whether lexical access is affected by a regular phonological variation in connected speech: voice assimilation in French. Two associative priming experiments were conducted to determine whether strongly assimilated, potentially ambiguous word forms activate the conceptual representation of the underlying word. Would the ambiguous word form [sud] (either assimilated soute 'hold' or soude 'soda') facilitate "bagage" 'luggage', which is semantically related to soute but not to soude? In Experiment 1, words in either canonical or strongly assimilated form were presented as primes. Both forms primed their related target to the same extent. Potential lexical ambiguity did not modulate priming effects. In Experiment 2, the primes such as assimilated soute pronounced [sud] used in Experiment 1 were replaced with primes such as soude canonically pronounced [sud]. No semantic priming effect was obtained with these primes. Therefore, the effect observed for assimilated forms in Experiment 1 cannot be due to overall phonological proximity between canonical and assimilated forms. We propose that listeners must recover the intended words behind the assimilated forms through the exploitation of the remaining traces of the underlying form, however subtle these traces may be. 相似文献
93.
The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of working memory (WM) in elementary activities and the nature of
the mechanisms mediating the influence of WM capacity on high-level cognition. We demonstrate that even elementary activities
such as reading digits, subitizing small arrays of dots, or solving simple additions like 3+1 are sensitive to individual
differences in WM capacity. Moreover, we demonstrate that a complex task such as counting large arrays of dots involving these
elementary activities as processing steps does not induce WM-related differences beyond what can be predicted from the concatenation
of differences elicited by the task’s elementary constituents. In line with the time-based resource-sharing model, these results
suggest that the influence of WM capacity on high-level cognition is mediated by the impact of a basic general-purpose resource
that affects each atomic step of cognition. 相似文献
94.
Response selection and response execution in task switching: evidence from a go-signal paradigm 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Philipp AM Jolicoeur P Falkenstein M Koch I 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2007,33(6):1062-1075
The present study used a go/no-go signal delay (GSD) to explore the role of response-related processes in task switching. A go/no-go signal was presented at either 100 ms or 1,500 ms after the stimulus. Participants were encouraged to use the GSD for response selection and preparation. The data indicate that the opportunity to select and prepare a response (i.e., long GSD) resulted in a substantial reduction of task-shift costs (Experiment 1) and n-2 task-repetition costs (i.e., backward inhibition; Experiment 2) in the current trial. These results suggest that interference from the preceding trial can be resolved during response selection and preparation. Furthermore, the shift costs and the n-2 repetition costs after no-go trials with long GSD (i.e., response selection but no execution) were markedly smaller than after go trials. These findings suggest that the interference that gives rise to shift costs and n-2 repetition costs is related not solely to response selection but also to response execution. Thus, the present study demonstrates dissociable contributions of response selection and response execution to interference effects in task switching. 相似文献
95.
Pierre M. Balthazar 《Pastoral Psychology》2007,55(5):543-549
Using parts of the prayer commonly known as the “Our Father,” a reflection is presented in which anger toward absentee fathers
is seen as an inhibitor to relatedness to God as father. The way people behave toward and interact with their environment
may be indicative of their interaction with the divine. Such attitudes make people question their religious experience and
their ability to enter into intimacy with the divine. When people with skeptical attitudes toward father-like figures enter
the world of pastoral counseling, ministers or counselors should help these people to explore and come to terms with the thought
that God can be identified as father. It requires a willingness to approach the pain of separation. The goal of the counselor
then is to help these people make substantial change in their ability to cope with anger and thus enter into relatedness with
the divine.
Pierre M. Balthazar is a student in the PsyD program in Clinical Psychology at the Illinois School of Professional Psychology. 相似文献
96.
Biphasic ERK1/2 activation in both the hippocampus and amygdala may reveal a system consolidation of contextual fear memory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Trifilieff P Calandreau L Herry C Mons N Micheau J 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2007,88(4):424-434
There is accumulating evidences to suggest that memory consolidation in some conditions involves two waves of neuronal plastic change. Using two fear conditioning procedures in male C57BL/6J mice, we have recently shown that consolidation of the foreground contextual fear memory required two waves of ERK1/2 activation in hippocampal CA1, while consolidation of cue conditioning was only associated with the early phase of activation. The present experiment further showed that this bi-phasic pattern of ERK1/2 activation was not restricted to hippocampal CA1, but could also be observed in other fear memory-related brain areas. The unpaired conditioning procedure (context in foreground) induced two waves of ERK1/2 activation in hippocampal CA1 and CA3, as well as in the LA and BLA nuclei of the amygdala. In contrast, the paired conditioning procedure (context in background) led to a transient early phase only in hippocampal CA1 and LA. In addition, ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the hippocampus was found to correlate with that in the amygdala nuclei specifically after the unpaired procedure. Taken together, our data suggest that the observed biphasic pattern of neuronal plastic events may reflect the interplay between hippocampal and amygdala activity-dependent plasticity critical for the system consolidation of contextual fear memory. 相似文献
97.
98.
This article presents a developmental dual-process theory of the understanding of conditionals that integrates Evans’ heuristic–analytic theory within the revised mental model theory of conditional proposed by Barrouillet, Gauffroy, and Lecas (2008). According to this theory, the interpretation of a conditional sentence is driven by unconscious and implicit heuristic processes that provide individuals with an initial representation that captures its meaning by representing the cases that make it true. This initial model can be enriched with additional models (a process named fleshing out within the mental model theory) through the intervention of conscious and demanding analytic processes. Being optional, these processes construct representations of cases that are only compatible with the conditional, leaving its truth-value indeterminate when they occur. Because heuristic processes are relatively immune to developmental changes, while analytic processes strongly develop with age, the initial model remains stable through development whereas the number of additional models that can be constructed increases steadily. Thus, the dual-process mental model theory predicts in which cases conditionals will be deemed true, indeterminate, or false and how these cases evolve with age. These predictions were verified in children, adolescents and adults who were asked to evaluate the truth value and the probability of several types of conditionals. The results reveal a variety of developmental trajectories in the way different conditionals are interpreted, which can all be accounted for by our revised mental model theory. 相似文献
99.
Pierre Schlag 《Continental Philosophy Review》2009,42(1):35-62
This article demonstrates that our more sophisticated theories of law lead us to a point where we are no longer able to distinguish
law from culture, or society, or the market, or politics or anything of the sort. Not only are the various terms inextricably
intertwined (something that other thinkers have observed) but we are no longer in a position to articulate any relations between
these various terms at all. It is with this latter realization that the dedifferentiation problem kicks in. Because the various
terms cannot be disentangled, we find ourselves in the odd position where there is nothing of any positive character to be
said about their relations. Each is already the other and, thus, they can have no relation. This is rather bad news for the
ways in which we have traditionally conceived theories of law—indeed any theory that gets off the ground by distinguishing
law from a discrete something else (which, on first glance, would seem to include all legal theory).
相似文献
Pierre SchlagEmail: |
100.
Thevenot C Devidal M Barrouillet P Fayol M 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2007,60(1):43-56
The aim of this paper is to investigate the controversial issue of the nature of the representation constructed by individuals to solve arithmetic word problems. More precisely, we consider the relevance of two different theories: the situation or mental model theory (Johnson-Laird, 1983; Reusser, 1989) and the schema theory (Kintsch & Greeno, 1985; Riley, Greeno, & Heller, 1983). Fourth-graders who differed in their mathematical skills were presented with problems that varied in difficulty and with the question either before or after the text. We obtained the classic effect of the position of the question, with better performance when the question was presented prior to the text. In addition, this effect was more marked in the case of children who had poorer mathematical skills and in the case of more difficult problems. We argue that this pattern of results is compatible only with the situation or mental model theory, and not with the schema theory. 相似文献