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921.
Elizabeth H. Blodgett Salafia Dawn M. Gondoli Amber M. Grundy 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(6):928-950
In this study, we examined the longitudinal relations among maternal emotional distress, marital conflict, and early adolescent
externalizing behaviors and internalizing symptoms during the transition to adolescence. 3 years of self-report data were
collected from 136 married mothers and their children, beginning when the children were in 5th grade. Structural equations
modeling with latent variables were conducted to examine the nature and directionality of paths between constructs. For mothers,
results indicated that marital conflict mediated the relation between prior maternal emotional distress and subsequent early
adolescent externalizing behaviors and internalizing symptoms. For early adolescents, a mediating pattern was seen only for
externalizing behaviors. In testing the reverse pattern of effects for mothers, marital conflict mediated the relation between
prior early adolescent externalizing behaviors and subsequent maternal emotional distress whereas only an indirect pattern
of effects existed for internalizing symptoms. Thus, we identified dynamic patterns of familial relations that accounted for
the diminished well-being of both early adolescents and their mothers, suggesting that prevention and intervention work during
the transition to adolescence should focus on multiple components of family functioning. 相似文献
922.
Of interest was whether prior testing of related words primes false memories in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm.
After studying lists of related words, subjects made old-new judgments about zero, three, or six related items before being
tested on critical nonpresented lures. When the recognition test was self-paced, prior testing of list items led to faster
false recognition judgments, but did not increase the rate of false alarms to lures from studied lists. Critically, this pattern
changed when decision making at test was speeded. When forced to respond quickly—presumably precluding the use of monitoring
processes—clear test-induced priming effects were observed in the rate of false memories. The results are consistent with
an activation-monitoring explanation of false memories and support that retrieving veridical memories can be a source of memory
error. 相似文献
923.
Matthew M. Botvinick Jun Wang Elizabeth Cowan Stephane Roy Christina Bastianen J. Patrick Mayo James C. Houk 《Animal cognition》2009,12(5):671-678
There has been considerable research into the ability of nonhuman primates to process sequential information, a topic that
is of interest in part because of the extensive involvement of sequence processing in human language use. Surprisingly, no
previous study has unambiguously tested the ability of nonhuman primates to encode and immediately reproduce a novel temporal
sequence of perceptual events, the ability tapped in the immediate serial recall (ISR) task extensively studied in humans.
We report here the performance of a rhesus macaque on a spatial ISR task, closely resembling tasks widely used in human memory
research. Detailed analysis of the monkey’s recall performance indicates a number of important parallels with human ISR, consistent
with the idea that a single mechanism for short-term serial order memory may be shared across species. 相似文献
924.
Hayden EP Klein DN Dougherty LR Olino TM Dyson MW Durbin CE Sheikh HI Singh SM 《Psychological science》2010,21(11):1678-1685
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene is a plausible candidate for early-emerging negative emotionality (NE), and evidence suggests that the effects of this gene may be especially salient in the context of familial risk for child maladjustment. We therefore examined whether the single-nucleotide polymorphism producing a valine-to-methionine substitution at codon 66 (val66met) of the BDNF gene was associated with childhood NE, in the context of parental depression and relationship discord. A sample of 413 three-year-old children was assessed for NE using standardized laboratory measures. The children's parents completed clinical interviews as well as a measure of marital satisfaction. Children with at least one BDNF methionine (met) allele exhibited elevated NE when a parent had a history of depressive disorder or when relationship discord was reported by a parent. In contrast, this allele was associated with especially low NE when parental depression was absent and when the parental relationship was not discordant. Our findings suggest that the BDNF met allele confers increased child sensitivity to both positive and negative familial influences. 相似文献
925.
Despite mixed empirical evidence regarding the ability of the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (PCL‐R) to predict violence among incarcerated inmates, it continues to be used to address such questions, even in the context of capital cases. The purpose of this study was to examine if the PCL‐R has a prejudicial effect on mock jury members during the sentencing phase of a capital murder trial. Results indicated that participants were more likely to sentence the defendant to death when the defendant exhibited a high likelihood to commit future violence, whether or not the diagnostic label “psychopath” was present. Interestingly, when asked to rate the defendant's likelihood for future violence and murder, the defendant who was a high risk for future violence and not labeled a psychopath received the highest rating. These results suggest an absence of juror bias as it pertains to the label “psychopath” when sentencing a defendant in a capital murder case. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
926.
Sburlati ES Schniering CA Lyneham HJ Rapee RM 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2011,14(1):89-109
While a plethora of cognitive behavioral empirically supported treatments (ESTs) are available for treating child and adolescent
anxiety and depressive disorders, research has shown that these are not as effective when implemented in routine practice
settings. Research is now indicating that is partly due to ineffective EST training methods, resulting in a lack of therapist
competence. However, at present, the specific competencies that are required for the effective implementation of ESTs for
this population are unknown, making the development of more effective EST training difficult. This study therefore aimed to
develop a model of therapist competencies for the empirically supported cognitive behavioral treatment of child and adolescent
anxiety and depressive disorders using a version of the well-established Delphi technique. In doing so, the authors: (1) identified
and reviewed cognitive behavioral ESTs for child and adolescent anxiety and depressive disorders, (2) extracted therapist
competencies required to implement each treatment effectively, (3) validated these competency lists with EST authors, (4)
consulted with a panel of relevant local experts to generate an overall model of therapist competence for the empirically
supported cognitive behavioral treatment of child and adolescent anxiety and depressive disorders, and (5) validated the overall
model with EST manual authors and relevant international experts. The resultant model offers an empirically derived set of
competencies necessary for effectively treating children and adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders and has wide
implications for the development of therapist training, competence assessment measures, and evidence-based practice guidelines
for working with this population. This model thus brings us one step closer to bridging the gap between science and practice
when treating child and adolescent anxiety and depression. 相似文献
927.
Daniel M. Bernstein Michael E. Rudd Edgar Erdfelder Ryan Godfrey Elizabeth F. Loftus 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(3):463-468
Participants provided information about their childhood by rating their confidence about whether they had experienced various
events (e.g., “broke a window playing ball”). On some trials, participants unscrambled a key word from the event phrase (e.g.,
wdinwo—window) or an unrelated word (e.g., gnutge—nugget) before seeing the event and giving their confidence ratings. The act of unscrambling led participants to increase their
confidence that the event occurred in their childhood, but only when the confidence rating immediately followed the act of
unscrambling. This increase in confidence mirrors the “revelation effect” observed in word recognition experiments. In the
present article, we analyzed our data using a new signal detection mixture distribution model that does not require the researcher
to know the veracity of memory judgments a priori. Our analysis reveals that unscrambling a key word or an unrelated word
affects response bias and discriminability in autobiographical memory tests in ways that are very similar to those that have
been previously found for word recognition tasks. 相似文献
928.
Males in multi-male groups of chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) in Botswana compete for positions in a linear dominance hierarchy. Previous research suggests that males treat different categories of rivals differently; competitive displays between males of similar rank are more frequent and intense than those between disparately ranked males. Here we test whether males also respond differently to male–male interactions in which they are not directly involved, using playbacks of the loud wahoo calls exchanged between competing males in aggressive displays. We played paired sequences of vocal contests between two adjacently ranked and two disparately ranked males to ten subjects, half ranking below the signalers in the call sequences and half above. Subjects who ranked above the two signalers showed stronger responses than lower-ranking subjects. Higher-ranking subjects also responded more strongly to sequences involving disparately ranked, as opposed to adjacently ranked opponents, suggesting that they recognized those individuals relative ranks. Strong responses to sequences between disparately ranked opponents might have occurred either because such contests typically involve resources of high fitness value (defense of meat, estrous females or infants vulnerable to infanticide) or because they indicate a sudden change in one contestants condition. In contrast, subjects who ranked lower than the signalers responded equally strongly to both types of sequences. These subjects may have been able to distinguish between the two categories of opponents but did not respond differently to them because they had little to lose or gain by a rank reversal between males that already ranked higher than they did. 相似文献
929.
The utility of single-case vs. group studies has been debated in neuropsychology for many years. The purpose of the present study is to illustrate an alternative approach to group studies of aphasia, in which the same symptom dimensions that are commonly used to assign patients to classical taxonomies (fluency, naming, repetition, and comprehension) are used as independent and continuous predictors in a multivariate design, without assigning patients to syndromes. One hundred twenty-six Italian-speaking patients with aphasia were first classified into seven classic aphasia categories, based on fluency, naming, auditory comprehension, and repetition scales. There were two goals: (1) compare group analyses based on aphasia types with multivariate analyses that sidestep classification and treat aphasic symptoms as continuous variables; (2) present correlation-based outlier analyses that can be used to identify individuals who occupy unusual positions in the multivariate "symptom space." In the service of the first goal, group performance on an external validation measure (the Token Test) was assessed in three steps: analyses of variance based on aphasia type, regressions using the same cut-offs for fluency, naming, comprehension and repetition as independent but dichotomous predictors, and regressions using the same subscales as continuous predictors (with no cut-offs). More variance in Token Test performance was accounted for when symptoms were treated as continuous predictors than with the other two methods, though use of independent but dichotomous predictors accounted for more variance than aphasia taxonomies. Thus, if we by-pass classical taxonomies and treat patients as points in a multidimensional symptom space, better predictions are obtained. Outlier analyses show that group results depend on heterogeneity among patients, which can be used as a search tool to identify potentially interesting dissociations. Hence this multivariate group approach is complementary to and compatible with single-case methods. 相似文献
930.
Individual speechreading abilities have been linked with a range of cognitive and language-processing factors. The role of specifically visual abilities in relation to the processing of visible speech is less studied. Here we report that the detection of coherent visible motion in random-dot kinematogram displays is related to speechreading skill in deaf, but not in hearing, speechreaders. A control task requiring the detection of visual form showed no such relationship. Additionally, people born deaf were better speechreaders than hearing people on a new test of silent speechreading. 相似文献