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631.
V. R. Carlson 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1964,5(1):262-270
It is proposed that perceptual adaptation is basically an immediate localized consequence of stimulation but can become generalized through a process of conditioning by temporal contiguity. Experimental conditions were designed to assess the aftereffect of adaptation to curvature under various combinations of eye position and eye movement activity for adapting vs. test periods. In general, the results support the hypothesis that perceptual adaptation to a visual stimulus can be associated with the nonvisual factors present at the time the adaptation occurs. 相似文献
632.
The Immediate and Delayed Memory Task (IMT/DMT), a variant of the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), is a new software package
designed to be a flexible research tool for the study of attention, memory, and impulsivity. This package allows researchers
to determine the design to be used during a testing session and to manipulate many of the parameters. It features two components:
the IMT and the DMT, both of which present sequential 2- to 7-digit stimuli with variable presentation rates and intertrial
intervals. Subjects respond to identically matched stimuli presented consecutively, spanning a brief period of time (IMT),
or to stimuli spanning a greater period of time (during which intervening stimuli to be ignored appear; DMT). Task complexity
can be adjusted to suit applications for both children and adults. Preliminary studies have demonstrated that these laboratory
tasks are sensitive to group differences, produce stable baselines of performance, and are sensitive to drug-induced performance
decrements. 相似文献
633.
634.
Advanced inhibitory control skills have been found in bilingual speakers as compared to monolingual controls (Bialystok, 1999). We examined whether this effect is generalized to an unstudied language group (Spanish-English bilingual) and multiple measures of executive function by administering a battery of tasks to 50 kindergarten children drawn from three language groups: native bilinguals, monolinguals (English), and English speakers enrolled in second-language immersion kindergarten. Despite having significantly lower verbal scores and parent education/income level, Spanish-English bilingual children's raw scores did not differ from their peers. After statistically controlling for these factors and age, native bilingual children performed significantly better on the executive function battery than both other groups. Importantly, the relative advantage was significant for tasks that appear to call for managing conflicting attentional demands (Conflict tasks); there was no advantage on impulse-control (Delay tasks). These results advance our understanding of both the generalizability and specificity of the compensatory effects of bilingual experience for children's cognitive development. 相似文献
635.
Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage condition caused by a deficiency of α-galactosidase A. In order to determine
the average number of family members who are diagnosed with Fabry disease following the diagnosis of a proband, four lysosomal
storage disease centers across the United States reviewed the completed pedigrees of their Fabry disease patients. In addition,
data from three Fabry disease families from other centers were submitted by patients directly. The pedigree review found 74
probands (54 males and 20 females) who had 357 diagnosed family members, of which 223 were female (60.5%) and 146 were male
(39.5%). Analysis found that, on average, there were five family members diagnosed with Fabry disease for every proband. Now
that enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is available for the treatment of Fabry disease, this finding emphasizes the need for
all health care professionals to ensure a detailed pedigree has been constructed for each patient affected by Fabry disease
and to encourage testing and evaluation of all at-risk family members. 相似文献
636.
Kevin L. Zabel Andrew N. Christopher Pam Marek Mareike B. Wieth Jacqueline J. Carlson 《Personality and individual differences》2009,47(8):917-921
The current study examined the potential mediating role of sensation seeking in the well-established negative relationship between age and financial risk-taking. A total of 299 participants, aged 17–90 years, allocated hypothetical money into mutual funds that varied in risk and completed a sensation seeking measure. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that the amount of variability age accounted for in risk-taking (4.1%; β = −.22) was significantly reduced when sensation seeking was controlled for (0.8%; β = −.12). A Sobel test revealed that sensation seeking fully mediated the aforementioned relationship. Results suggest sensation seeking’s role as a mediator in more physiologically arousing risk-taking contexts (e.g., surfing). Discussion recommends investigating potential biologically and cognitively-rooted mediators and moderators of the age and risk-taking relationship. 相似文献
637.
Behavioral flexibility is considered by some to be one of the hallmarks of advanced cognitive ability. One measure of behavioral
flexibility is how subjects respond to novel objects. Despite growing interest in comparative cognition, no comparative research
on neophilia in wild primates has been conducted. Here, we compare responses to novel objects in wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) and geladas (Theropithecus gelada). Baboons and geladas are closely related taxa, yet they differ in their ecology and degree of social tolerance: (1) baboons
are habitat and dietary generalists, whereas geladas have one of the most specialized primate diets (90% grass); (2) baboons
exhibit an aversion toward extra-group individuals, whereas geladas typically exhibit an attraction toward them. Using subjects
of all age and sex classes, we examined responses to three different objects: a plastic doll, a rubber ball, and a metal can.
Overall, baboon subjects exhibited stronger responses to the objects (greater neophilia and exploration) than gelada subjects,
yet we found no evidence that the geladas were afraid of the objects. Furthermore, baboons interacted with the objects in
the same way they might interact with a potential food item. Responses were unrelated to sex, but immatures showed more object
exploration than adults. Results corroborate novel object research conducted in captive populations and suggest that baboons
and geladas have differences in behavioral flexibility (at least in this cognitive domain) that have been shaped by ecological
(rather than social) differences between the two species.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
638.
Glass patterns are visual stimuli used here to study how local orientation signals are spatially integrated into global pattern perception. We measured a form aftereffect from adaptation to both static and dynamic Glass patterns and calculated the amount of interocular transfer to determine the binocularity of the detectors responsible for the perception of global structure. Both static and dynamic adaptation produced significant form aftereffects and showed a very high degree of interocular transfer, suggesting that Glass-pattern perception involves cortical processing beyond primary visual cortex. Surprisingly, dynamic adaptation produced significantly greater interocular transfer than static adaptation. Our results suggest a functional interaction between local orientation processing and global motion processing that contributes to form perception. 相似文献
639.
Samuel D. Bond Kurt A. Carlson Margaret G. Meloy J. Edward Russo Robin J. Tanner 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2007,102(2):240-254
Extending previous work on biased predecisional processing, we investigate the distortion of information during the evaluation of a single option. A coherence-based account of the evaluation task suggests that individuals will form an initial assessment of favorability toward the option and then bias their evaluation of subsequent information to cohere with their initial disposition. Three experiments tested this hypothesis. Initial disposition was manipulated (Studies 1 and 3) or measured (Study 2), and attribute ratings were collected as indicators of information distortion. Results from all three experiments indicate that attribute evaluations were biased to favor initial dispositions. These findings provide evidence that information distortion is one cause of primacy effects in judgment and decision-making settings involving a single option. 相似文献
640.
Inhibitory control and emotion regulation in preschool children 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
This research investigated the relation between individual differences in inhibitory control and emotion regulation. Preschool children (N = 53) ages 4–6 (M = 5; 0) were assessed on brief batteries of inhibitory control of prepotent responses and emotion regulation. Individual differences in inhibitory control were significantly correlated with children's ability to regulate their emotions. This relation held up even after controlling for age and verbal ability, and persisted for both Emotion Understanding and “online” control of emotional expressions that were negative (Disappointing Gift) or positive (Secret Keeping). Parent report of children's self-control and emotion regulation corroborated the behavioral results. These findings suggest that executive control of attention, action, and emotion are skills that develop in concert in the preschool period. However, there was also evidence of a quadratic relation in which emotion regulation was optimal at intermediate levels of inhibition, highlighting the interplay of both cognitive control and temperament in socio-emotional functioning. 相似文献