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941.
942.
Michael Davis Ph.D. 《Science and engineering ethics》1997,3(4):407-428
This article examines three common arguments for the claim that engineering is not a profession: 1) that engineering lacks
an ideal internal to its practice; 2) that engineering’s ideal, whether internal or not, is merely technical; and 3) that
engineering lacks the social arrangements characteristic of a true profession. All three arguments are shown to rely on one
or another definition of profession, each of which is inadequate. An alternative to these definition is offered. It has at
least two advantages. On the one hand, it emphasizes the importance of professional community, the role of occupation in defining
profession, the centrality of a moral ideal, and the necessity for morally binding standards (beyond ordinary morality). On
the other hand, the alternative definition is in part independent both of moral theory and sociology. This article concludes
by considering what light the alternative definition can throw on the professional status of engineers serving the Nazis. 相似文献
943.
The community living preferences of 4 institutionalized adults with mild mental retardation were identified using photographs that depicted a variety of residential characteristics. Individuals then were taught to obtain information regarding their preferences during tours of community group homes, to report that information to their social worker, and to evaluate the homes based on the information obtained. A multiple baseline across participants design showed that all 4 participants substantially increased their skills at asking questions, reporting information, and evaluating homes. The results indicate that people with mental retardation can take an active role in major lifestyle decisions that others have typically made for them. 相似文献
944.
This study examined the effects of variant versus invariant high-probability (high-p) request sequences on the performance of requests to initiate a social bid by young children with emotional-behavioral disorders. In the initial phases of the investigation, a multiple baseline design showed that the delivery of invariant sequences (i.e., high-p requests delivered in the same sequence) produced initial increases in compliance to requests to initiate a social bid to a peer. However, increases were not maintained across the invariant condition. The delivery of variant high-p sequences produced increases in compliance to requests to initiate social bids that were maintained across the variant condition. In a follow-up condition, the number of requests within the pool of the variant and invariant high-p requests were controlled. Results of the follow-up condition replicated those found in the initial condition. Implications for applied use and future research are discussed. 相似文献
945.
This study examined the effects of gender-role orientation on aspects of body image satisfaction in a group of primarily Caucasian young women and men. It also examined whether neuroticism—a broad, higher-order dimension of personality—functioned additively or interactively with gender-role orientation in the prediction of body image. Similar to previous research, masculinity was related to positive body image in women. For men, results were in the opposite direction. Femininity, and not masculinity, was related to body satisfaction. Of particular interest were the findings that neuroticism interacted both with masculinity in women and femininity in men in predicting positive ratings of attractiveness. In both cases, the positive relationship between gender-role orientation and attractiveness only existed at low levels of neuroticism. As neuroticism increased, the relationship diminished; there was no relationship at all at high levels of neuroticism. Results are discussed in terms of the differential significance of gender-role orientation for body esteem in women and men, and with respect to the moderating influence of personality factors. 相似文献
946.
Recent evidence strongly suggests that the relationship between threshold elevation ( T ) and fraction of bleached rhodopsin ( B ), obtained during a major, middle period of long-term rod dark adaptation in man, is well described by a power function, i. e., T = k · Bn , where k is a multiplicative constant and n is the exponent. Due primarily to the low reliability of measurements of rhodopsin regeneration, however, the exponent n of the power function cannot, at present, be given an exact value. Available information indicates that the value of the exponent ranges between 2.4 and 4. Implications of this uncertainty are discussed within the framework of the allosteric, tetrameric model of rod dark adaptation. It is concluded that this model in its simplest form may only offer a first approximation of the real system implicated in the process. 相似文献
947.
948.
Michael Davis Ph.D. 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(4):463-478
Many outside science and engineering, especially social scientists and “rhetoricians”, claim that rhetoric, “the art of persuasion”,
is an important part of technical communication. This claim is either trivial or false. If “persuasion” simply means “effective
communication”, then, of course, rhetoric is an important part of technical communication. But, if “persuasion” has anything
like its traditional meaning (a specific art of winning conviction), rhetoric is not an important part of technical communication;
indeed, its use in technical communication would be unethical.
[By] an advocate is meant one whose business it is to smooth over real difficulties, and to persuade where he cannot convince.
—Thomas Henry Huxley, Man’s Place in Nature
1 (p. 238) As a profession, engineers frown on persuasiveness and find it suspect.
—Dorothy A. Winsor, Writing Like an Engineer
2 (p. 12), A
Michael Davis’s research interests are in the areas of engineering ethics and the social contract. Recent published books
include Thinking Like an Engineer, 1998, Oxford, and Ethics and the University, 1999, Routledge. 相似文献
949.
950.
Muscle action potentials were recorded from lifting muscles during the foreperiod before lifts of large and small objects when the size-weight illusion occurred. There were increases in tension throughout the foreperiod of both lifts, culminating in a large increase following the instruction to lift. The increases were greater before lifts of the large can, supporting the peripheral theory of comparative weight judgment. The “set to lift” effect was shown to exist in the action potentials before the foreperiod of the second lift when compared to those just prior to the lift of the first can. 相似文献